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251.
252.
Fifty preschoolers (mean age = 47 months; SD = 5 months) were recruited from local inner-city nurseries to take part in a study of early friendships and the development of social understanding. Friendship pairs (10 boy-boy pairs; 10 girl-girl pairs and 5 boy-girl pairs) were filmed playing together for 20 minutes in a quiet room supplied with toys and dressing-up materials. The videos were then transcribed and coded for mental-state talk and pretend play. The children were also given a battery of tests tapping theory-of-mind skills and verbal ability. The results indicated a strong association between children's engagement in pretend play, and the frequency and nature of mental-state talk. This association is discussed in relation to (1) effects of context, (2) individual differences in children's understanding of mind and verbal ability, and (3) the social nature of pretend play. 相似文献
253.
Positive-negative asymmetry in thought can involve both cognitive asymmetry, (thinking about characteristics that a stimulus has versus does not have), which we predict will be large and preponderantly a positivity bias, and affective asymmetry (thinking about desirable versus undesirable characteristics that the stimulus has or has not), predicted to be small and to fluctuate predictably in direction. The first four of the 10 studies reported here investigate asymmetries in thinking ability, measured by giving people directed-thinking tasks specifically asking them to generate positive versus negative thoughts. We predicted and found no affective asymmetry and a moderate-sized cognitive positivity bias that declines with practice. The second four of the 10 studies investigate asymmetries in proclivity (or preference beyond ability) that appear when people free associate on a variety of stimuli. As regards proclivity, we predicted and found a large, uniformly positive cognitive bias (that declines somewhat as children mature), but only a slight affective bias that is positive when autistic needs are dominant and negative when realistic needs dominate. A final pair of studies show that the cognitive and affective variables interact as regards how directed positive versus negative thinking about a stimulus affects evaluation of that stimulus. 相似文献
254.
255.
Charles L. Richman Tom Novack Claire Price Kathrynn A. Adams David Mitchell J. Steven Reznick Jerome Kagan 《Motivation and emotion》1983,7(2):157-167
Infants were shown three modeled acts presented in sequence. Imitation of one, two, or three of the modeled acts or failure to imitate was then observed. Distress was assessed prior to and following modeling. Infants who failed to imitate at least one act displayed a high level of distress. As a control, the same infants on another day observed the random manipulation of the stimuli. Distress failed to occur when the infants failed to imitate the scattering procedure. These results are discussed in terms of the child's development of internal standards. That is, during the latter part of the second year of life, infants show considerable distress when they fail to imitate coherent modeled acts. Since distress did not occur when the model simply scattered the stimuli, we assumed that interruption of play was not an incentive for distress. Deferred imitation was noted for older but not the younger cohorts. 相似文献
256.
A survey of 218 recent business school graduates confirmed prior studies of differential evaluation of women involved in workplace romances. The research addressed whether women are still perceived as entering into relationships for motives different from men, particularly in terms of exploiting sexuality for gain. Few instances were found where relationships were formed for personal advancement; however, motivations for personal gain were far more commonly attributed to women. Women were also more likely to be perceived as victims of the office fling. Attributions did not differ between male and female observers. Implications for working women are discussed. 相似文献
257.
M. T. Turvey Claire Farley Michaels Diane Kewley-Port 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》1974,26(1):72-81
Standing and Dodwell (1972) reported that a contoured target stimulus which is only poorly identified when exposed briefly against a steady background field can be identified accurately if the field is terminated shortly after target offset. This observation was confirmed and, in addition, it was shown that target identification is enhanced when the field is initiated shortly before target onset. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that a continuous background field is not essential for either effect. It was argued that these “retroactive” and “proactive” enhancements of target identification were due to a complex interaction among forward, backward, and simultaneous masking. 相似文献
258.
Motion perception was investigated in two experiments using Sperling's partial report procedure. In Experiment 1, subjects were presented with 8 moving squares; at array offset an arrow cued subjects to locate all squares moving in the direction of the arrow. The partial report was found to be superior to the whole report and this was taken as evidence for the existence, in iconic memory, of information about the direction of motion. The second experiment revealed only a minor decay in this superiority with the indicator delayed up to 1 sec. The importance of optical transformations in vision was stressed and it was argued that information processing models need pay greater attention to them. 相似文献
259.
Behaviors thought to be characteristic of emotional disturbance or learning disabilities were investigated through ratings of teachers with regard to the relative disturbingness of the behaviors. Obtained differences suggested that behaviors characteristic of emotional disturbance were rated as more disturbing than those of learning disabilities; differences within sets of characteristic behaviors were also indicated. Results are discussed with regard to implications for teacher expectancies and labeling research. 相似文献
260.
Suarez-Balcazar Y Hellwig M Kouba J Redmond L Martinez L Block D Kohrman C Peterman W 《American journal of community psychology》2006,38(1-2):113-123
Interdisciplinary partnerships foster innovation to address pressing social problems. This paper describes an interdisciplinary partnership called the Chicago Food System Collaborative (CFSC) composed of a team of partners from four academic institutions and three community-based organizations representing a total of eight disciplines that included: community development and community organizing, community psychology, geography, nursing, nutrition, public health, sociology, and urban planning and policy. Partners came together to address the issue of access to healthy foods and nutrition in a working class African American neighborhood. We analyze and discuss the core principles that guided the partnership and its impact across three dimensions: understanding through interdisciplinary action research, building capacity, and facilitating innovations in practices and policies. Despite the challenges of interdisciplinary partnerships, the potential benefits and impact of such efforts reflect their value as a comprehensive approach to addressing complex social problems. 相似文献