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161.
C.Neil MacraeJason P. Mitchell Louise F. Pendry 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2002,38(2):186-193
Recent research has characterized categorical thinking as an essential component of the person perception process. Yet relatively little is known about the myriad factors that moderate the accessibility of this mode of thought. With regard to this we hypothesized that the subjective familiarity of a person's forename may play an important role in triggering categorical thinking. Specifically, category-based knowledge may be more accessible when triggered by familiar than unfamiliar forenames. We report the results of three experiments that supported this prediction. Relative to unfamiliar names, participants required less time to verify the gender of familiar forenames (Experiment 1) and semantic priming was more pronounced when stereotype-related material followed the presentation of familiar than unfamiliar items (Experiment 2). Also, familiar forenames attracted more extreme gender-based evaluations than their unfamiliar counterparts (Experiment 3). We consider the theoretical and methodological implications of these findings for a variety of issues in person perception. 相似文献
162.
Claire Mathews McGinnis 《Teaching Theology & Religion》2002,5(2):71-79
This essay explores how one might use the “problem” of the hardening of Pharaoh's heart as a learning opportunity in the classroom. The author identifies two pedagogical aims: (1) cultivating more sophisticated, critical readers of the Bible; and (2) helping students reflect on the contextual nature of interpretation. The essay discusses in some detail various ways of teaching the text, including an exercise in close reading, examination of sources, and a selective study of the history of interpretation. It also explores various lessons to be learned from these exercises, and addresses applicability of the approaches to other teaching contexts. An earlier version of this paper was prepared for the “Problem Texts” group of the consultation “Teaching the Bible in the 21st Century,” held at the Wabash Center in Crawfordsville, Indiana. 相似文献
163.
Cumberland-Li Amanda Eisenberg Nancy Champion Claire Gershoff Elizabeth Fabes Richard A. 《Motivation and emotion》2003,27(1):27-56
The purpose of this study was to test relations between parental temperamental emotionality and regulation or related personality characteristics and parental behavior, children's regulation, and children's social functioning. Mothers and fathers reported on their own personality and/or temperament and expressivity in the family (mothers only); parents and teachers rated children (71 girls and 99 boys; M age = 73 months) on their temperamental regulation, social competence, and problem behavior. Mothers also were observed interacting with their child, and behavioral measures of children's regulation were obtained. In general, high parental regulation and low negative emotionality were associated with positive developmental outcomes in children and more positive parental behaviors, and mothers' expression of positive emotion in the family mediated some of the relations of their dispositions to children's socioemotional functioning. 相似文献
164.
The anatomy of loneliness 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
John T. Cacioppo Louise C. Hawkley Gary G. Berntson 《Current directions in psychological science》2003,12(3):71-74
Loneliness is a potent but little understood risk factor for broad-based morbidity and mortality. We review five social neurobehavioral mechanisms that may account for this association. The evidence suggests that different mechanisms explain short-term and long-term effects, and that the long-term effects operate through multiple pathways. Implications for the design of interventions are discussed. 相似文献
165.
Stephen Sutton David P. French Susie J. Hennings Jo Mitchell Nicholas J. Wareham Simon Griffin Wendy Hardeman Ann Louise Kinmonth 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2003,22(3):234-251
The authors of the theory of reasoned action (TRA) and its extension, the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) recommend that
researchers who use these theories to investigate the determinants of a given behaviour should first conduct an elicitation
study to identify the modal salient beliefs in the target population. In spite of the importance accorded to salient beliefs
by the TRA/TPB, the elicitation stage has received little research attention. This paper reports a detailed analysis of beliefs
about “being more physically active in the next 12 months.” A general population sample of 213 adults completed a questionnaire
while attending a research centre for a series of tests. The findings showed that the beliefs that were elicited by questions
designed to prompt affective outcomes (like or enjoy, dislike or hate) differed systematically from those that were elicited
by the traditional questions designed to prompt instrumental out-comes (advantages and disadvantages). Whether this resulted
in different final sets of modal salient beliefs was found to depend on the particular decision rule that was employed. An
alternative decision rule is proposed, based on maximizing the degree of overlap between the modal set and the full set of
salient beliefs generated by the sample. The index of overlap can be used to gauge the adequacy of using a modal set of a
given size to represent the salient beliefs of the whole sample. In the current dataset, the optimal modal set for “advantages
and disadvantages” was associated with only 26 percent overlap with the salient beliefs of the whole sample, which was judged
to be insufficient. In such cases, a better strategy may be to ask participants to generate and rate their own beliefs. 相似文献
166.
167.
From 1969 to 1974, Developmental Psychology, but not Child Development , specified that authors analyze for sex differences. The authors examined 503 studies published in Child Development and Developmental Psychology in 1971 and 1975. Sex of senior author, subjects and experimenter(s) were recorded for each study. If subjects of both sexes were used, the presence or absence of the following were noted: (a) analysis of sex differences; (b) hypotheses regarding sex differences; (c) mention of subjects' sex in the abstract. For single-sex-subject studies, mention of subjects' sex in the discussion or conclusion was noted. Using these data as dependent variables, chi-square analyses were performed comparing: (a) the two journals; (b) 1971 and 1975 authors; and (c) male and female authors. The findings were: (a) More attention was paid to sex in Developmental Psychology when the journal had a written editorial policy regarding this factor; (b) Evidence was mixed for increasing awareness of sex as a variable between 1971 and 1975; (c) Female authors were more aware of sex than were male authors in 1971 but not in 1975; (d) In both years, authors used own-sex subjects and experimenters more than those of the opposite sex; (e) Developmental psychologists, as compared to psychologists in other areas previously examined, were more sensitive to sex as a variable. 相似文献
168.
Louise Smith 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1967,45(9):872-877
A recent college dropout relates her view of the pressures on students from society's Great Plan for the young, critically evaluates some of the implicit assumptions of the higher education establishment, and reacts to the three articles following on college dropouts by Williams, Leach and Goetz, and Berger. This paper enables the reader to learn not only about but from the dropout by reminding him that statistics sometimes interfere with our view of the people behind them, who are our only legitimate concern. 相似文献
169.
John F. Stins Claire F. Michaels 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》2000,53(2):569-589
Three experiments tested whether stimulus-response (S-R) compatibility might be a function of absolute (as opposed to relative) spatial correspondence-that is, the distance between a stimulus and the place of response. Experiment 1 studied reaching movements toward one of two targets in response to one of six visual stimuli. Stimulus-response pairs that shared relative position were faster than those that did not, and reaction time was faster when the stimulus and one of the potential targets were in close proximity. In Experiment 2 the same effects were found when the hands started from a different position, implicating stimulus target distance, rather than stimulus-hand distance as the critical variable. Experiment 3 employed keypress responses instead of reaches, and the distance effect was nearly absent. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of categorical (e.g. left-right) vs. quantitative (e.g. distance) S-R variables in spatial compatibility. 相似文献
170.
OBJECTIVES: Blood donation is described as an archetypal altruistic behavior, and recruitment/retention campaigns emphasize altruism. Here, a benevolence hypothesis for blood donation (both the donor and recipient benefit) rather than the altruism hypothesis (only the recipient gains) is proposed. DESIGN: Three United Kingdom-based studies contrasted benevolence and altruism: (a) a 6-month prospective study of blood donor behavior (Study 1: N = 957), (b) a cross-sectional study of blood donors' intentions (Study 2: N = 333), and (c) an experimental study examining the effect of benevolent and altruistic messages on willingness to help across high- and low-cost helping behaviors for committed and noncommitted blood donors (Study 3: N = 200). MAIN OUTCOME: Donor behavior and intentions-willingness. MEASURES: Beliefs in personal and societal benefit (Time 1) and actual donations (Time 2) were assessed in Study 1; beliefs in benevolence, altruism, hedonism, and kinship along with donation intentions were assessed in Study 2; and empathy, donor commitment, and willingness to donate blood, money, fund-raise, and staff a telephone helpline were assessed in Study 3. RESULTS: Beliefs in personal rather than societal benefit predicted actual future donation. A path model showed that only beliefs in benevolence were associated with intentions to donate. Committed blood donors were more willing to donate blood when exposed to a benevolent message rather than an altruistic one. This effect was not observed for other forms of helping. CONCLUSIONS: The benevolence hypothesis is supported, suggesting that blood donor motivation is partly selfish. Blood donation campaigns should focus on benevolent rather than purely altruistic messages. 相似文献