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841.
Temporal patterns of behavior have been observed in real-life performances such as bill passing in the U.S. Congress, in-class studying, and quiz taking. However, the practical utility of understanding these patterns has not been evaluated. The current study demonstrated the presence of temporal patterns of quiz taking in a university-level introductory psychology course and used these patterns to manage the traffic of quiz takers in a computerized testing lab. Results are discussed in terms of the applications of tracking temporal response patterns. 相似文献
842.
We investigated whether increases in tattooing rates and designs have eradicated or altered traditional delinquent tattooing stereotypes. We tested the perceived suitability of tattooed and non‐tattooed individuals for 2 different jobs. Affective evaluations mediated judgments of job suitability, with those displaying traditional tattoos being rated as less suitable for employment than those who were not tattooed and those displaying contemporary tattoos. Those with a contemporary tattoo were judged in the same manner as those who were not tattooed (even by observers who neither had a tattoo nor were considering getting one). These results suggest that the savage associations of tattooing continue for some, but suggest that for other tattoo enthusiasts, a new stereotype has emerged reflecting a shift toward respectability. 相似文献
843.
The aim of this study was to investigate the recognition of violent behaviors, assessment of their severity, and reaction time in recognizing violent behaviors among individuals (91 men, 122 women) who have been exposed to spousal abuse, either as victim or aggressor, and those who have not reported such experiences. Results indicate a relation between the rapidity with which participants recognized a behavior, number of behaviors recognized, and assessment of the severity of such behaviors. Moreover, participants recognized physical violence more readily than psychological violence, and rated physical violence more severely. Finally, the experience of violence in a couple, as perpetrator or as victim, was linked to reaction time for each type of violence. 相似文献
844.
Lynden K. Miles Louise K. Nind Zoe Henderson C. Neil Macrae 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2010,46(2):457-460
Establishing and maintaining connections with others is central to a fulfilling social life. In this respect, behavioral coordination provides one avenue by which interpersonal linkages can be formed. Drawing from the dynamical systems approach, the present research explored whether temporary interpersonal connections founded on coordinated behavior influence memory for self and others. To do so, we measured participants’ incidental recall of self and other-relevant information after a period of either in-phase or anti-phase interpersonal coordination. While participants in the less stable anti-phase condition demonstrated the typical memory advantage for self-related compared to other-related information, this effect was eliminated when participant and confederate movements displayed in-phase coordination. These results are discussed with respect to the interplay between the systems that support interpersonal synchrony and basic social-cognitive processing. 相似文献
845.
Stimulus overselectivity occurs when only one of potentially many aspects of the environment controls behavior. Adult participants were trained and tested on a trial-and-error discrimination learning task while engaging in a concurrent load task, and overselectivity emerged. When responding to the overselected stimulus was reduced by reinforcing a novel stimulus in the presence of the previously overselected stimulus in a second trial-and-error discrimination task, behavioral control by the underselected stimulus became stronger. However, this result was only found under certain circumstances: when there was substantial overselectivity in the first training phase; when control by the underselected stimulus in the first phase was particularly low; and when there was effective reduction in the behavioral control exerted by the previously overselected stimuli. The emergence of behavioral control by the underselected stimulus suggests that overselectivity is not simply due to an attention deficit, because for the emergence to occur, the stimuli must have been attended to and learned about in the training phase; but that a range of additional learning factors may play a role. 相似文献
846.
Two experiments examined the possible link between magical thinking and creativity in preschool children. In Exp. 1, 4- and 6-yr.-old children were shown a film with either a magical or nonmagical theme. Results indicated that the mean scores of children shown the magical film was significantly higher than that of children watching the nonmagical film on the majority of subsequent creativity tests for both age groups. This trend was also found for 6-yr.-olds' drawings of impossible items. In Exp. 2, Exp. 1 was replicated successfully with 6- and 8-yr.-old children. Exposing children to a film with a magical theme did not affect their beliefs about magic. The results were interpreted to accentuate the role of magical thinking in children's cognitive development. Classroom implications of the results were also discussed. 相似文献
847.
Underlying auditory processes in speech perception were explored. Specifically of interest were the stages of auditory processing involved in the integration of dynamic information in nontraditional speech cues such as the virtual formant transitions. These signals utilize intensity ratio cues and changes in spectral center-of-gravity (instead of the actual formant frequency transitions) to produce perceived F3 glides. 6 men and 8 women (M age = 24.2 yr., SD = 2.1), recruited through posted materials from graduate students at The Ohio State University, participated in two experiments. The results for frequency-based formant transitions (Exp. 1) indicated that spectral cues to syllable identification are combined at more central levels of auditory processing. However, when the components of the virtual formant stimuli were divided between the ears in a dichotic listening task (Exp. 2), the results indicated that auditory spectral integration may occur above the auditory periphery but at stages more intermediate rather than central. 相似文献
848.
Color adjectives have played a central role in work on language typology and variation, but there has been relatively little
investigation of their meanings by researchers in formal semantics. This is surprising given the fact that color terms have
been at the center of debates in the philosophy of language over foundational questions, in particular whether the idea of
a compositional, truth-conditional theory of natural language semantics is even coherent. The challenge presented by color
terms is articulated in detail in the work of Charles Travis. Travis argues that structurally isomorphic sentences containing
color adjectives can shift truth value from context to context depending on how they are used and in the absence of effects
of vagueness or ambiguity/polysemy, and concludes that a deterministic mapping from structures to truth conditions is impossible.
The goal of this paper is to provide a linguistic perspective on this issue, which we believe defuses Travis’ challenge. We
provide empirical arguments that color adjectives are in fact ambiguous between gradable and nongradable interpretations,
and that this simple ambiguity, together with independently motivated options concerning scalar dimension within the gradable
reading accounts for the Travis facts in a simpler, more constrained, and thus ultimately more successful fashion than recent
contextualist analyses such as those in Szabó (Perspectives on semantics, pragmatics and discourse: A festschrift for Ferenc
Kiefer, 2001) or Rothschild and Segal (Mind Lang, 2009). 相似文献
849.
Christopher Lopata Jennifer A. Toomey Jeffery D. Fox Martin A. Volker Sabrina Y. Chow Marcus L. Thomeer Gloria K. Lee Jonathan D. Rodgers Christin A. McDonald Audrey M. Smerbeck 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(6):765-776
The purpose of this study was to: (1) examine symptom levels of anxiety and depression in children with high-functioning autism
spectrum disorders (HFASDs) compared with matched control children using child self-reports and parent ratings; and (2) examine
source differences within the two condition groups. An overall multivariate effect indicated significantly elevated depression
and anxiety symptoms for children with HFASDs based on parent reports; however no significant between-group differences based
on child self-reports. Within-condition source comparisons (parent vs. child) revealed a significant multivariate effect indicating
a significant difference in symptoms of depression and anxiety for the HFASD group but none for the control. Correlations
between parent and child reports for the HFASD group suggested some positive association between child-reports and parent-reports
for depressive symptoms only; however, the difference in average scores reflected a substantial discrepancy in the magnitude
of symptoms by rater. Implications for clinical assessment and future research are provided. 相似文献
850.
We describe a task used to educate the public on the importance of hearing and the experience of hearing loss. During an open day at Nottingham University, participants were presented with verbal instructions (with or without a background masker) and asked to draw the image of a clock face as accurately as possible. Poorest performance was observed when the instructions were presented with a background masker. We suggest that the task could be applied effectively by healthcare professionals who aim to educate younger individuals of the difficulties associated with hearing loss. 相似文献