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291.
The recognition of familiar words was evaluated in 20-month-old children raised in a rhotic accent environment to parents that had either rhotic or non-rhotic accents. Using an Intermodal Preferential Looking task children were presented with familiar objects (e.g. 'bird') named in their rhotic or non-rhotic form. Children were only able to identify familiar words pronounced in a rhotic accent, irrespective of their parents' accent. This suggests that it is the local community rather than parental input that determines accent preference in the early stages of acquisition. Consequences for the architecture of the early lexicon and for models of word learning are discussed. 相似文献
292.
Morin-Audebrand L Mojet J Chabanet C Issanchou S Møller P Köster E Sulmont-Rossé C 《Acta psychologica》2012,139(1):233-238
Memory plays a central role in food choice. Recent studies focusing on food memory in everyday eating and drinking behaviour used a paradigm based on incidental learning of target foods and unexpected memory testing, demanding recognition of the target among distractors, which deviate slightly from the target. Results question the traditional view of memory as reactivation of previous experiences. Comparison of data from several experiments shows that in incidentally learned memory, distractors are rejected, while original targets are not recognised better than by chance guessing. Food memory is tuned at detecting novelty and change, rather than at recognising a previously encountered food. 相似文献
293.
Maciej Trzaskowski Helena M. S. Zavos Claire M. A. Haworth Robert Plomin Thalia C. Eley 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2012,40(1):85-94
We examined the aetiology of anxiety symptoms in an unselected population at ages 7 and 9, a period during which anxiety disorders
first begin to develop (mean age at onset is 11 years). Specifically, the aim of the study was to investigate genetic and
environmental continuity and change in components of anxiety in middle childhood. Parents of over 3,500 twin pairs completed
the Anxiety-Related Behaviours Questionnaire (ARBQ) when twins were 7 and 9 years old. Multivariate-longitudinal analyses
were conducted to examine genetic and environmental influences on stability and change in four anxiety scales: Negative Cognition,
Negative Affect, Fear and Social Anxiety. We found moderate temporal stability in all four scales from 7 to 9 years (correlations
ranging from 0.45 to 0.54) and moderate heritability (average 54%). Both shared and non-shared environmental influences were
modest (average 18%–28% respectively). Genetic factors (68%) explained most of the homotypic continuity in anxiety. We show
that homotypic continuity of Anxiety-Related Behaviours (i.e. the continuation of one specific type of anxiety over time)
was largely driven by genetic factors. In contrast, though more varied, heterotypic continuity between some traits (i.e. the
change from one type of anxiety-related behaviour into another over time) was mainly due to shared-environmental factors. 相似文献
294.
The present research demonstrates that pride has divergent effects on prejudice, exacerbating or attenuating evaluative biases against stigmatized groups, depending on the form of pride experienced. Specifically, three experiments found that hubristic pride--associated with arrogance and self-aggrandizement--promotes prejudice and discrimination, whereas authentic pride--associated with self-confidence and accomplishment--promotes more positive attitudes toward outgroups and stigmatized individuals. Findings generalized to discriminatory judgments (Experiment 2) and were found to be mediated by empathic concern for the evaluative target. Together, these experiments suggest that pride may be a cause of everyday prejudice and discrimination but that these social consequences depend on whether hubristic or authentic pride is experienced, and the degree to which empathic concern is subsequently aroused. 相似文献
295.
Claire Ortiz Hill 《Axiomathes》2012,22(1):91-108
Anna-TeresaTymieniecka writes of a “dynamic skeleton for future fusions of sense” rising from the seemingly disjointed situation
of philosophy and details how her phenomenology of life can put flesh on it. Examined here are her efforts to: uncover the
deep-lying intelligibility of life by emphasizing the role of the logos of life in connection with meaning structures developed by Husserl; undertake a critique of phenomenological reason; delineate
life’s path, not from cognition in isolation, but from within the fullness of human functioning in all its complexity; give
Husserl’s phenomenology a metaphysico-existential foundation; analyze the human creative process penetrating the very individualized
meanderings of life; show how the creative logos reaches into communal/societal life and opens the way to spiritual and sacral horizons of experience. 相似文献
296.
James Phillips Allen Frances Michael A Cerullo John Chardavoyne Hannah S Decker Michael B First Nassir Ghaemi Gary Greenberg Andrew C Hinderliter Warren A Kinghorn Steven G LoBello Elliott B Martin Aaron L Mishara Joel Paris Joseph M Pierre Ronald W Pies Harold A Pincus Douglas Porter Claire Pouncey Michael A Schwartz Thomas Szasz Jerome C Wakefield G Scott Waterman Owen Whooley Peter Zachar 《Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM》2012,7(1):1-16
In face of the multiple controversies surrounding the DSM process in general and the development of DSM-5 in particular, we have organized a discussion around what we consider six essential questions in further work on the DSM. The six questions involve: 1) the nature of a mental disorder; 2) the definition of mental disorder; 3) the issue of whether, in the current state of psychiatric science, DSM-5 should assume a cautious, conservative posture or an assertive, transformative posture; 4) the role of pragmatic considerations in the construction of DSM-5; 5) the issue of utility of the DSM ?C whether DSM-III and IV have been designed more for clinicians or researchers, and how this conflict should be dealt with in the new manual; and 6) the possibility and advisability, given all the problems with DSM-III and IV, of designing a different diagnostic system. Part I of this article took up the first two questions. Part II will take up the second two questions. Question 3 deals with the question as to whether DSM-V should assume a conservative or assertive posture in making changes from DSM-IV. That question in turn breaks down into discussion of diagnoses that depend on, and aim toward, empirical, scientific validation, and diagnoses that are more value-laden and less amenable to scientific validation. Question 4 takes up the role of pragmatic consideration in a psychiatric nosology, whether the purely empirical considerations need to be tempered by considerations of practical consequence. As in Part 1 of this article, the general introduction, as well as the introductions and conclusions for the specific questions, are written by James Phillips, and the responses to commentaries are written by Allen Frances. 相似文献
297.
298.
In a single experiment, perceivers viewed computer-generated hammer-like objects and estimated a kinetic property. Each hammer comprised a cylinder of some diameter and height, attached to a handle-a second cylinder of fixed diameter and variable length. On 5 blocks of trials, three groups of perceivers reported a property reflecting mass, torque, or moment of inertia. Blocks 2-4 were training blocks on which numerical feedback was given. On blocks 6 and 7, perceivers were asked to report the kinetic properties not reported on blocks 1-5. We were interested in how geometrical object properties affected the perception of kinetic properties, and how that perception changed with experience. To determine how geometrical object properties informed reports of kinetics, a continuous information space of head diameter and height, and handle length was created, and perceivers' loci within that space were determined. Perceivers began at various distances from the optimum for the to-be-reported property and were closer to the optimum after training. On blocks 6 and 7, performance did not reflect transfer from training on another property. The results were interpreted in the context of the theory of direct learning. 相似文献
299.
Broiler (meat) chickens experience the combined acute stressors of food withdrawal, catching and transport (FCT) prior to slaughter as part of normal commercial practice at the end of their lives. This has associated physiological consequences, potentially affecting both welfare and meat quality, some of which are mediated through altered hepatic function. This study compared global hepatic gene expression between control birds and those exposed to commercial FCT using 20K chicken oligonucleotide microarrays. In response to FCT, 733 genes were differentially expressed of which 486 could be mapped onto the genome. The principal molecular and cellular functions thus affected by FCT involved lipid and carbohydrate metabolism with a suppression of mRNA expression for genes involved in lipogenesis, glycolysis and glycogenolysis and an induction of those involved in gluconeogenesis, fatty acid metabolism and ketone synthesis. There was also significant differential expression of genes associated with cellular control and immune function. These stressful events associated with FCT in commercial broiler chickens altered expression of hepatic genes associated with energy metabolism, with exhaustion of stored hepatic and pectoral muscle glycogen. A better understanding of FCT-induced stress through the use of gene expression arrays may in future inform husbandry practices, to improve both welfare and meat quality. 相似文献
300.
Samantha M. Freis Claire L. Morrison Jeffrey M. Lessem John K. Hewitt Naomi P. Friedman 《Developmental science》2022,25(1):e13150
Executive functions (EFs) and intelligence (IQ) are phenotypically correlated. In twin studies, latent variables for EFs and IQ display moderate to high heritability estimates; however, they show variable genetic correlations in twin studies spanning childhood to middle age. We analyzed data from over 11,000 children (9- to 10-year-olds, including 749 twin pairs) in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study to examine the phenotypic and genetic relations between EFs and IQ in childhood. We identified two EF factors—Common EF and Updating-Specific—which were both related to IQ (rs = 0.64–0.81). Common EF and IQ were heritable (53%–67%), and their genetic correlation (rG = 0.86) was not significantly different than 1. These results suggest that EFs and IQ are phenotypically but not genetically separable in middle childhood, meaning that this phenotypic separability may be influenced by environmental factors. 相似文献