Price-directive decision making in hierarchical systems with conflicting preferences

In this paper we consider a classical model of price-directive decision making in hierarchical organizations, namely Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition, well known from single-objective programming. Here, however, we allow for preference differences that are usually observed between a central unit and a subunit in an organizational structure. The procedure models, therefore, how decision making may evolve in a context with decentralized information as well as intra- and interpersonal conflicts. Several numerical experiments with the procedure have been performed. The results of those experiments demonstrate that the procedure in many instances converges towards an efficient solution, despite the differences in the criteria weights used in the master problem and the subproblem respectively. This suggests that some amount of goal discordance need not prohibit efficient decision making in a hierarchical organization.     

制度反腐:问题、依据与原则

本文以党的十七大精神为指导,运用马克思主义的立场、观点和方法,立足我国当前实际,对目前反腐制度存在的不足、制度反腐的可能与应当遵循的原则进行了深入探讨.     

Starting small: Revisiting young children's perceptions of social withdrawal in China

In this reply to the commentaries by Xinyin Chen, Charissa Cheah, Yiyuan Xu, and Dawn Watling, we further discuss the conceptual and methodological challenges that arise when attempting to study beliefs about social withdrawal (1) in the unique cultural context of China and (2) in the unique developmental age period of early childhood.     

在规矩中自在——由“从心所欲,不逾距”看儒家自由观念

"从心所欲,不逾矩"是孔子进入化境的重要文献依据,后人往往依此句来讨论儒家的自由观念.在后儒的理解和诠释中,"从心所欲,不逾矩"实际上是要求人们将社会礼法内化成自己的信念,并以此涤除不合礼法的欲望,使自己的欲念全在礼法当中,从而感觉不到礼法与内心要求的冲突.这种"自由"是不去挑战世俗礼法的心灵自在,它蕴含着牺牲自己内心来迎合不合理的社会规矩之危险.当然,它也意味着,在现实生活中,个体难以脱离具体的历史情境追求无所顾忌的个人自由.     

吕洞宾寿字文解

上红点为日,下红点为月,三点白圈为星,日月五星为之七政;上作天,中作地,口作人,天地与人为之三才;上半亦作金,中亦作木,寸亦作水,移日配口亦作火,工亦作土,金木水火土为之五行;地两边顶上两条白气为之两仪生四象生八卦;天亦作永,地亦作世,工亦作公,公至下亦作侯,永世公侯子子孙     

Attentional disengagement from negative natural sounds for high-anxious individuals

Background and objectives: Previous studies have not consistently concluded whether high-anxious persons exhibit attentional bias towards negative natural auditory stimuli. The present study explores whether auditory negative stimuli could induce attentional bias to negative sounds in real life and investigates the exact nature of these biases using an emotional spatial cueing task.

Design: Experimental study with a mixed factorial design.

Method: We created two groups according to the state-trait anxiety scale, namely high and low trait anxiety. Participants (N?=?68 undergraduate students) were required to respond to an auditory target after receiving a negative (aversive sounds from natural life) or neutral auditory stimuli.

Results: A 2 (Validity: valid/invalid)?×?2 (Cue Valence: negative/neutral)?×?2 (Anxiety Group: LA/HA) repeated-measures ANOVA on reaction times revealed that participants with high trait anxiety exhibited slower reaction times in invalid trials following negative cues than following neutral cues. Higher levels of trait anxiety were associated with more difficult attentional disengagement from negative auditory information.

Conclusions: The results demonstrate that impaired attentional disengagement was one of the mechanisms by which high-anxious participants exhibited auditory attentional bias to natural negative information.     

月称对《中论》第24品第18颂的解释

龙树的《中论》是印度古代哲学及佛教哲学的名著,是深刻影响古代中国佛教哲学思维的经典性著作。因此,对这部著作的原语及义理展开深入的探讨,仍然是今后汉语佛学界值得重视的课题。本文以第七世纪中观著名论师月称疏释《中论》的梵语佛学名著《清净句》为依据,对《中论》第24品第18颂的梵本原义,作了精要的讨论。