小学生课堂问题行为与心理素质的关系:一项观察研究

为科学、客观的了解小学生课堂问题行为的现状并探讨与心理素质的关系,采用Martin等人提出的TPOT观察范式对重庆市潼南区某小学4-6年级117名学生的课堂问题行为进行录像、编码,并施测小学生心理素质问卷简化版。结果表明:(1)T-POT观察范式在本研究中具有适用性;(2)任务偏移是小学生最常见的课堂问题行为;(3)小学生课堂问题行为的表现存在显著的性别、年级差异;(4)在控制了年级、性别、班级环境变量后,心理素质能够显著负向预测课堂问题行为。     

论慈善的道德精神

从道德视角来审视,慈善包含着丰富的价值理念和人文诉求,体现了对生命和人的价值的敬畏。慈善之爱表现了关注人的生命和价值的人道精神;展现了一切从人的现实需要出发,关爱所有人的博爱情怀;体现了超越一切功利考量的无私奉献精神;折射了从动物到人的伟大历史进步。     

Whose promises are worth more? How social status affects trust in promises

Promises are among the most widely used tools for increasing trust in social hierarchies; yet the effect of social status on trust in promises is unknown. Here we used a modified version of the Trust Game, in which participants, acting as Investors, were paired with Trustees of varying social status who were given the opportunity to promise (or not) to return at least half of the multiplied amount (i.e., 4 × the amount invested). No return feedback was provided. Participants invested more in partners who promised than those who did not or whose promise information was concealed. Importantly, in both lab-manipulated (Exps. 1–3: math-induced) and pre-existing (Exp. 4: university-based) hierarchies, participants invested more in promises given by high status than low status partners. Post-experiment measures suggest that this may be due to greater expectations of honesty for high status than low status others. Potential explanations and implications are discussed.     

Culture Marker Versus Authority Marker: How Do Language Attitudes Affect Political Trust?

Is public trust in government representatives (i.e., bureaucrats, police, public servants) affected by the language they use? The conventional theory holds that, in a multilingual society, people favor government representatives who speak the listeners' dialects because it indicates a shared cultural identity, that is, the “culture-marker” effect. This article offers an alternative mechanism in which people's attitudes can be affected by the government designating the official language as a marker of political authority. Listeners will then project their respect for the political authority to the government representatives who speak this marker language. This mechanism is named an “authority marker” effect. Using a set of adjusted matched-guise experiments in China, this study examines the culture-marker and authority-marker effects. The results support the authority-marker effect by showing that listeners have significantly more trust in the bureaucrats who speak the official language than in those who speak the dialects of the listeners. The study also finds that this is a unique effect for speakers when they represent the government. Without that political identity, listeners will still respond more positively to speakers of their own dialects.     

简论明末清初道耶之争--以成都教案为中心

1644年天主教在川传播过程中发生了成都教案,是为明清天主教进入中国后与本土宗教道教唯一的一次正面冲突。这场教案并未留下太多的中文记载,但在传教士记录的西文文献中可以觅得踪迹。该文从早期入华传教士对道教的态度出发,并立足西文原始材料,详细阐述成都教案产生的过程、特点及背后的社会文化因素,进而分析道耶是如何在中国文化框架内进行宗教对话的。     

品格教育中榜样示范的问题与回应——以亚里士多德美德论为考量视角

榜样示范作为品格教育的重要教学策略,在教育哲学意义上主要存在两类问题,即"如何激发教育对象模仿行为"的方法论问题和"榜样示范教育应教什么"的实质性道德问题。"模仿"是"榜样示范"中的核心概念,亚里士多德将其视为一种蕴含情感、意动、认知及行为要素的情感美德。因此,在品格教育"榜样示范"的过程中,要避免仅止于对榜样的行为模仿及类推性实践的方法论问题;更要重视所要学习模仿的道德品质独立性问题,化解"模仿者"对榜样无知顺从的困境。从实践角度看,应从多方面审视和改善品格教育的"榜样示范"问题:加强教师对于自身作为行为榜样的反思;要确认榜样必须具有真实性特质;从"道德成熟"标准确保榜样与学生存在的德性位势差,强化德性内驱;创设道德情境,加强学生对榜样的心理认同感;培养道德能动性,促进学生道德层面的知行转化。     

福祉与责任——美国工程伦理学述评

美国工程伦理学自20世纪70年代产生以来,经过几十年的发展,已经比较成熟和规范,形成了相对完善的伦理章程与稳定的学术建制,促进了美国工程的良性发展。而深入地探讨与分析其历史背景与目标,发展过程与态势,不仅有利于我国工程伦理学的产生,而且有利于促进我国工程的健康发展。一美国工程伦理学产生的境域与目标技术已经对我们这个世界产生了深远而广泛的影响,而工程师在技术各个方面的发展上扮演了核心角色。工程师创造产品与程序来提高食物产量、加强植物保护、节约能源消耗、提速通信交通、促进身体健康以及消除自然灾害,也给人类生活带…