组织承诺研究的进展与展望

该文采取多测度分析的方法,从理论基础,概念性定义和操作定义,量表的信度、效度和影响变量等方面对组织承诺的已有研究进行回顾和分析。发现现有的组织承诺概念比较冗余,需要进行有效的整合,现有组织承诺量表需要在内容效度、汇聚效度和区分效度等指标上进行深入探索;目前关于组织承诺的研究多从离职/留职意向的角度进行探讨,缺乏从雇佣关系的角度进行的系统研究;需要进行纵向研究以获得组织承诺和其他一些员工态度变量之间的因果关系;后续研究可以从中介变量和调节变量的角度,详细考察组织承诺的不同维度的交互作用。     

基本特征水平的知觉学习与注意的作用

在基本特征水平的知觉学习的研究中是否存在注意与反馈的作用,是一直存在着争论的问题。该研究通过线索不同的有效性来控制注意的分配,探讨了在基本特征水平的知觉学习中注意与反馈的作用,共进行了两个实验,实验一采用内源和外源性线索影响注意分配,探讨基本特征刺激加工过程中注意的作用;实验二对基本特征刺激的知觉学习过程的特性进行研究。学习和探测任务都是让被试从所呈现的刺激中寻找靶子英文字母L。结果发现：在基本特征水平的知觉学习中存在有注意的作用;其学习过程存在反馈的作用。     

Threat of bodily harm has opposing effects on cognition

Several theoretical frameworks have suggested that anxiety/stress impairs cognitive performance. A competing prediction is made by attentional narrowing models that predict that stress decreases the processing of task-irrelevant items, thus benefiting performance when task-irrelevant information interferes with behavior. Critically, previous studies have not evaluated these competing frameworks when potent emotional manipulations are involved. Here, we used threat of bodily harm preceding a color-word Stroop task to test these claims. We found a basic effect of threat consisting of a slowing down of performance during neutral Stroop trials. Furthermore, both facilitation and interference scores were affected by threat of shock in a way that was consistent with a reduced-distractor effect. Taken together, we interpret our findings in terms of two opposing effects of stress on cognitive performance. Although partly consistent with the attentional narrowing hypothesis, both resource models and cognitive breadth models require revision in order to account for the results.     

自尊与模糊决策中的决策偏好

从自尊的角度出发,与是否需要承担决策结果的责任相结合,探讨了低自尊、中等自尊和高自尊水平下的被试在模糊决策中的决策偏好。结果发现：角色差异对决策偏好没有影响;自尊水平的高低对决策偏好有影响,高自尊被试与中等、低自尊被试相比,更容易模糊规避。支持了高自尊个体比低自尊个体更具有防御反应的理论。     

Evans双重加工理论的发展过程简要述评

英国心理学家Evans在对他所提出的有关人类思维的"双重加工理论"进行30多年的研究过程中,其理论的名称和内涵等方面都有个不断发展的过程。就该理论的名称而言,通常称为双重加工理论,同时他还提出了双因素理论。主要与"双重加工理论"这一名称相联系的几组概念包括:类型1—类型2,启发式—分析式,不可明言加工—外显思维加工,系统1—系统2;主要与"双因素理论"这一名称相关联的两组概念是:理性1—理性2,逻辑加工—非逻辑加工。最近,他又以"两种心灵假设"为名概括他的理论内容。该文对双重加工理论在名称及相应的内涵的历史发展过程作了较为详尽的评述。     

数学问题类比迁移的影响因素研究

类比迁移在人类的学习中有着不可替代的地位,但学科问题类比迁移的相关研究仍不充足。本文以数学问题解决为研究对象,探讨了数学问题类比迁移的影响因素。实验研究了问题相似性、被试特点(年级、元认知监控)对数学问题类比迁移的影响。实验结果表明:源靶问题间的表面相似性是影响类比迁移的主要因素,它既促进正迁移,也容易导致负迁移;不同年级被试解决数学问题成绩差异显著;被试在解决数学问题时的实时元认知监控与该问题的解决相关显著。     

Thinking About Thinking About Work: A Meta-Analysis of Off-Job Positive and Negative Work-Related Thoughts

Work is frequently on the minds of employees—even during evenings, weekends, and vacations. The present study is the first comprehensive meta-analysis of off-job work-related thoughts (WRTs; i.e., thoughts employees have about work when they are not at work). We were particularly interested in comparing off-job positive and negative work-related thoughts (PWRTs and NWRTs; i.e., thoughts about positive/negative work experiences or characteristics) to each other and other off-job WRT constructs, which we integrated into a typology. We coded 520 effect sizes from 171 independent samples (N = 58,682) and conducted a random-effects, individual-correction meta-analysis. We found that PWRTs and NWRTs were unrelated, and psychological detachment was negatively related to NWRTs but unrelated to PWRTs. Furthermore, PWRTs and NWRTs exhibited significantly different relationships with various antecedents (e.g., age, negative affectivity) and outcomes (e.g., work engagement, burnout). Compared to PWRTs and NWRTs, psychological detachment and problem-solving pondering exhibited generally weaker relationships with outcomes. NWRTs contaminated with negative affective strains (i.e., negative work-related thoughts and feelings) exhibited generally stronger relationships with outcomes. Overall, our meta-analytic findings indicate that PWRTs and NWRTs are different and underscore the importance of empirically and conceptually separating PWRTs and NWRTs from each other and other off-job WRT constructs. The findings also complement the nascent literature on interventions that target promoting PWRTs and reducing NWRTs.

     

Gifts of Money and Gifts of Time: Folk Religion and Civic Involvement in a Chinese Society

Drawing on representative survey data collected in Taiwan, this study examines the effects on volunteering of Chinese folk religion. We find (1) practicing ancestor worship lowers people’s likelihood of donating to secular groups while local deity worshippers are more likely to donate money to religious organizations. (2) Sectarian group membership can significantly promote members’ odds of volunteering in religious groups. (3) Individual folk religion is positively associated with the odds of religious giving and volunteering. (4) Individual folk religion adherents mainly donate to Buddhism, Taoism, and Folk Religion, but on an occasional basis.     

教育神经科学:探究人类认知与学习的一条整合式途径

教育神经科学是第二代认知科学对人的具身认知进行认识深化的必然产物,也是不同层面研究以整合态势来研究教育情境中人的认知过程及其发展的当然结果。在认知神经科学与教育已有的良好沟通下,教育神经科学就是要通过教育学家、心理学家、神经科学家等的合力,借助多种技术(包括脑成像技术),多视角、多层面地分析人的心理活动,以求最终达到科学改进教育理论及其做法的目的。不可否认,本研究领域还存在一些问题;但这并不会就此阻止教育学、心理学、神经科学加快合作与融合的步伐。     

真之收缩论述评

真之收缩论是关于“真的收缩处理的理论”,其目的在于降低对传统真理论的高期望,主要包括冗余论、代语句理论、极小主义理论等。它们的共同点在于认为真是没有本质的,但在对真的具体解释上则存在不同的角度和方法。收缩论者并非认为“真的”这一谓词不重要,只是,他们对“真的”的理解更注重逻辑和形式的色彩。