The Profession of Family Therapy in South Korea: Current Status and Future Directions

The authors present a brief overview of the family therapy field in South Korea. Since its introduction in the late 1970s, family therapy has been developing into a professional field with education and training institutions, practice settings, credentials, and practitioners holding memberships in various professional organizations. While such issues as family values and types, filial piety, violence, interethnic marriage, and social polarization have resulted in an increased demand for family therapy, such services are not readily accessible to Korean families in need. Efforts should be made in increasing number of competent family therapists by strengthening both academic and clinical requirements for credentialing. Efforts are also needed in increasing accessibility of family therapy services by making them more available within a variety of human service contexts.     

Adaptive n-back training does not improve fluid intelligence at the construct level: Gains on individual tests suggest that training may enhance visuospatial processing

Short-term adaptive cognitive training based on the n-back task is reported to increase scores on individual ability tests, but the key question of whether such increases generalize to the intelligence construct is not clear. Here we evaluate fluid/abstract intelligence (Gf), crystallized/verbal intelligence (Gc), working memory capacity (WMC), and attention control (ATT) using diverse measures, with equivalent versions, for estimating any changes at the construct level after training. Beginning with a sample of 169 participants, two groups of twenty-eight women each were selected and matched for their general cognitive ability scores and demographic variables. Under strict supervision in the laboratory, the training group completed an intensive adaptive training program based on the n-back task (visual, auditory, and dual versions) across twenty-four sessions distributed over twelve weeks. Results showed that this group had the expected systematic improvements in n-back performance over time; this performance systematically correlated across sessions with Gf, Gc, and WMC, but not with ATT. However, the main finding showed no significant changes in the assessed psychological constructs for the training group as compared with the control group. Nevertheless, post-hoc analyses suggested that specific tests and tasks tapping visuospatial processing might be sensitive to training.     

Improvement in working memory is not related to increased intelligence scores

The acknowledged high relationship between working memory and intelligence suggests common underlying cognitive mechanisms and, perhaps, shared biological substrates. If this is the case, improvement in working memory by repeated exposure to challenging span tasks might be reflected in increased intelligence scores. Here we report a study in which 288 university undergraduates completed the odd numbered items of four intelligence tests on time 1 and the even numbered items of the same tests one month later (time 2). In between, 173 participants completed three sessions, separated by exactly one week, comprising verbal, numerical, and spatial short-term memory (STM) and working memory (WMC) tasks imposing high processing demands (STM–WMC group). 115 participants also completed three sessions, separated by exactly one week, but comprising verbal, numerical, and spatial simple speed tasks (processing speed, PS, and attention, ATT) with very low processing demands (PS-ATT group). The main finding reveals increased scores from the pre-test to the post-test intelligence session (more than half a standard deviation on average). However, there was no differential improvement on intelligence between the STM-WMC and PS-ATT groups.     

Disentangling the Effects of Applicant Defensive Impression Management Tactics in Job Interviews

This study explores (1) the effects that three kinds of applicant defensive impression management (IM) tactics (apologies, justifications, and excuses) have on interviewer evaluation and (2) the moderating effects that two types of interviewer negative concerns (competence‐related and integrity‐related concerns) have on the aforementioned relationship. Two hundred and one managers from Taiwan participated in this study by watching a simulated interview. Compared with the control group, applicants using defensive IM tactics received higher interviewer ratings when negative concerns surfaced. Moreover, the type of interviewer negative concern moderated the effects of defensive IM tactics. All three tactics had similar effects on interviewer evaluation when the concern was competence related. Apology was, however, the most effective tactic when the concern was integrity related.     

不同形式的评估反馈对大学生的学习动机和学习成绩的影响

选取大学生被试,采用实验组对照组前后测实验设计考察不同评估反馈类型(个体反馈,任务反馈,社会反馈,无反馈)对大学生的学习动机和学习成绩的影响。结果发现:(1)随着时间的推移,4组成绩均升高,任务反馈对学习成绩有积极的影响,其余三组无显著差别,评估反馈与动机水平的交互作用不显著;(2)任务反馈能够提高大学生的学习动机,其余三组降低学习动机。     

Impression management motive and voice: Moderating effects of self‐monitoring,self‐efficacy,and voice instrumentality

The purpose of this study is to examine how employees’ impression management motive influences their voice by considering dispositional and situational variables. Drawing on the theory of self‐motive, we hypothesized that voice would be more positively related to impression management motive than prosocial motive. In addition, based on the interactional approach of motive and trait and trait activation theory, we hypothesized that the relationship between impression management motive and voice would be moderated by self‐monitoring, self‐efficacy, and voice instrumentality. Using a sample of 307 supervisor–subordinate dyads from South Korea, we found that, although prosocial motive had a positive influence on voice, impression management motive had a stronger influence on voice than prosocial motive. We also found that the positive influence of impression management motive on voice was stronger for employees with high levels of self‐monitoring, self‐efficacy, and voice instrumentality. This study helps verify the boundary conditions as to when impression management motive is strongly related to voice. In addition, this study will provide theoretical clues for resolving the inconsistent findings on the relationship between impression management motive and voice.     

弗洛伊德宗教观的启蒙价值（三）

无论是将宗教视为一种人类精神的“返童症”还是将上帝视为人类“夸张的父亲”,弗洛伊德都没有为宗教或有神论本身的存在提供科学依据,他的工作是从心理分析方面解释宗教的起源和上帝观念的形成,其结果自然是证明了宗教的非理性特征。既然其起源和本质都是非理性的,当然未来人类也不会以理性的方式去维护宗教,他确信人类文明终究会鄙弃宗教。他的这个结论在本质上仍然属于19世纪就开始形成的“机械唯物主义评判传统”,所以,我们仍然将他视为当代无神论的启蒙主义者。同样,弗洛伊德自己也十分清楚自己的精神分析学说在人类启蒙思想中的意义,…     

宋以前中国社会伦理相对薄弱的家族因素——从社会史研究的视角出发看汉唐时期的伦理问题

春秋战国时期至隋唐时期的中国社会生活主要有以下特点:(1)整个这段时间,以小家庭为主,其不但贯穿始终,甚至常常独步天下。(2)家族或宗族的形式十分有限,其不仅时隐时现,若有若无,更重要的是普遍不具有宋代以后家族或宗族那种制度性的形式。由此,建立在这一社会生活之上的伦理观念主要包括这样一些特征:(1)核心观念应当是能够普遍在基本家庭单位立足的"孝"观念;(2)普遍的小家庭形式,同时也会在财产、赡养等方面对"孝"观念形成侵蚀和背离;(3)就社会整体而言,缺乏更大的集合或更大的平台,由此也缺乏在更大的集合状况下或更大的平台基础上所制定的种种伦理规范,具体而言,即是宋以后社会那种家法族规;(4)偶尔浮现的一些家训是这一时期个别家族或宗族在伦理观念上的结晶,但它仅仅具有偶然性和或然性,而不具有必然性和盖然性,也就是说它不具有普遍的作为社会风尚的意义;(5)与此相关,以小家庭为平台的"利"观念或许在整个社会占据更为中心的位置,少数思想家对于"义"的美好愿望和善意引导由于没有切实的制度性平台作为依托而多半付诸东流。