5～6岁儿童公平分配玩具行为的心理机制

采用实验法和结构访谈法,考察66名5～6岁儿童在幼儿园游戏活动中公平分配玩具行为的心理机制.结果发现:(1)根据在幼儿园分配玩具的过程中的表现,可以把儿童分为三类:公平型儿童、不公平型和不稳定型,每类儿童的自我评价各不相同;(2)对自己做出的公平行为能做出准确的自我评价,而且对假想的不公平行为也能做出正确的自我评价,这是形成稳定的公平行为的重要心理机制,自我概念、自我形象在道德准则的内化过程中起着重要作用.     

Perceived mother‐infant relationship difficulties in postnatal depression

Postnatal depression has been associated with mother–infant relationship difficulties, but there has been less research in clinical populations. This study aims to identify characteristics of reported mother–infant relationship difficulties in mothers with postnatal depression who had been referred to a tertiary Mother and Baby Service. Forty‐one mothers with postnatal depression completed self‐report and interview measures with regards to their mental state, social adversity, and perceptions on their relationship with their infants. Almost one‐third of mothers (31.7%) reported severe difficulties, including rejection of the infant and maternal pathological anger. A low birth weight and maternal dissatisfaction towards their social role were found to be significantly related to perceived mother–infant interaction difficulties. Self‐reports correlated satisfactorily with interview schedules. A significant proportion of mothers reported difficulties in relating to their infants which can be reliably identified by means of the self‐report measures used. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

广东汕头市公安人员心理健康水平调查研究

为调查了解汕头市公安人员的心理健康状况．本文采用心理症状自评量表(SCL-90)对汕头市区分局的男女警察共339名进行问卷调查,分析所得数据,结果发现：样本总体健康水平高于常模;女警察心理健康程度略高于男警察;治安警在强迫人际关系和忧郁程度方面因子分显著比刑警、巡警高;警龄大于15年的警察群体的躯体化因子分大于警龄小于15年的警察;年龄大的警察样本偏执因子分高于年龄小的样本。结论表明：警察群体的总体心理健康状况良好,但部分群体在某些心理状况方面需加以调整和改善。     

研究性访谈及其应用现状和展望

在科学研究中,研究性访谈作为一种定性研究方法得到了广泛的应用,然而这种定性方法在当前的研究领域中并没有受到足够的重视。本文立足于研究性访谈这种重要的研究方法,着重讨论三个问题：一是研究性访谈的概念、分类和程序;二是目前关于研究性访谈的方法论研究;最后对研究性访谈的应用和发展进行了评价和展望。作者认为结构因素可能是影响访谈效度的主要因素;而信度与结构化、标准化、主试培训等因素有关;社会背景和访谈情境的交互作用将成为未来访谈研究的新趋势;研究性访谈在我国的应用存在一定的文化适应问题,并有待加强和科学化。     

Quantified or nonquantified: How quantification affects consumers' motivation in goal pursuit

Being exposed to more data and devices with tracking functions than ever, quantification is concerned by an increasing number of consumers. The self‐reflection from data may raise consumers' awareness of their own goals to better modify their behaviors. This paper describes consumers' reaction to quantification and confirms its motivational effect in goal pursuit. First, we investigate the motivational effect of quantification and reveal its internal mechanism from the individual–community perspective. Results show that quantification can promote consumers' goal pursuit motivation. A quantified (vs. nonquantified) way to track progress in pursuit of a goal can strengthen consumers' self‐empowerment (individual level) and difference‐insight (community level), thus enhancing the goal pursuit motivation. Second, we explore the moderating effect of some factors on the motivational effect of quantification. Results confirm that self‐empowerment can be enhanced with high data–color consistency, and difference‐insight can be increased with low outcome–process consistency. Third, we identify the validity of various data presentation modes. Using the interactive progress framing (to date with to go) together with the several subunits mode to deliver data in different progress stages is found to be an effective way to promote consumers' goal pursuit motivation.     

The Relationship between Individualism—Collectivism and Job Satisfaction

On a exploré dans trois recherches la relation entre la satisfaction professionnelle et les mentalités individualiste ou communautaire. Dans la première, une étude de niveau écologique, nous avons trouvé des corrélations à la limite de seuil de signification entre l'indice d'individualisme de Hofstede et des attitudes défavorables envers la communication et les relations professionnelles; toutes deux relèvent des aspects inter-individuels du travail. Pour la deuxième recherche, c'est un échantillon d'employés chinois de Hong Kong qui ont fourni les données. Les employés présentant un sentiment communautaire se montraient plus satisfaits de leur travail, de leur salaire, de leur promotion, de leur encadrement et de leurs collègues que leurs homologues individualistes. La troisième étude a retrouvé les résultats de la deuxième avec un échantillon d'employés d'un niveau plus modeste.
The relationship between individualism-collectivism and job satisfaction was explored in three studies. In the first, ecological-level, study, we found marginally significant correlations between Hofstede's individualism index and unfavourable attitudes towards working relationships and communication, both being interpersonal aspects of work. In the second study, data were collected from a sample of Chinese employees in Hong Kong. Collectivist employees reported higher satisfaction with their work, pay, promotion, supervision, and coworker than their individualist counterparts. Study 3 replicated findings of Study 2, with a sample of employees at a lower rank.     

巴门尼德残篇中的Aletheia

本文分析了巴门尼德残篇中出现的Aletheia这个概念,认为通常在与“意见”相对立的“真理”的意义上理解Aletheia是不合适的。这个概念与“是”、“是者”直接相关,甚至可以作为“是者是”这个命题的主词。在巴门尼德的残篇中Aletheia显示了它的独特性,既是女神话语的一种绝对担保,又在一种典型的古希腊式的论辩气氛中维持着自身的自满自足,为其后的思想开辟出一条新的道路。文章借用海德格尔的视野论述了Aletheia这个问题在思想上显示出来的重要性,并试图将“是者是”这个命题所道出的“同一性”摆置到其源出的位置上去。     

Gifts in a Romantic Relationship: A Survival Analysis

Employing a survival analysis approach, this study synthesizes 3 aspects of gift literature and suggests their effects on the timing of dissolution for a romantic relationship. Products or services can be consumed for the purpose of enhancing self‐attractiveness (self‐gift), expressing love to partners (other‐gift), and announcing a relationship to the outer world (joint‐gift). Results indicate that the distribution of time until dissolution for young students’ romantic relationships is more likely to first fall and then rise. Gifts can delay the timing of dissolution, but not the probability of its final destination. For female students, self‐enhancing gifts are found to delay the timing; for male students, love‐expressive gifts speed up the timing; and for both male and female students, relationship‐announcing gifts delay the timing of dissolution. Consumers, thus, are advised to use gifts to make their relationships endure, but not to attempt to alter a poor relationship into a successful one.