主动性人格:机制与未来走向

主动性人格(proactive personality)作为一种独特的人格特质,指采取积极行动去影响所处环境的一种个体倾向。主动性高的个体善于发现机会,抓住机会,并且不断地坚持目标。研究者梳理了主动性人格的起源和概念、测量方法,阐述了主动性人格的实施效果、中介机制和调节机制,强化了中国本土文化的权变作用。未来研究应继续完善主动性人格的概念、开发符合时代特征的测量工具、拓展其研究层次与实施效果。     

劝捐策略和框架效应对个体捐赠决策的影响

采用两个3×2完全随机实验设计,考察劝捐策略和目标框架效应对个体捐赠决策的影响,结果表明：（1）劝捐策略和目标框架效应的主效应显著,信用劝捐被试捐赠更多,决策时间更短,损失目标框架比收益目标框架的被试决策时间更短,捐赠更多,被试在信用X损失框架情境中捐赠最多,反应时最短;（2）劝捐策略和框架效应的交互效应均显著,情感策略受框架效应影响较大,在损失框架下被试反应时更短,捐赠更多。     

视-听跨通道汉语词汇信息加工中的抑制机制

采用选择性再认的方法考察在汉语词汇加工过程中 ,视 -听跨通道信息与视觉单通道信息加工过程中的抑制机制。结果表明 :对于视觉词汇的总体再认“否”反应 ,单通道干扰条件下的成绩优于跨通道干扰条件下的成绩。在视觉词汇加工过程中 ,对外在干扰材料的抑制效率不受输入干扰刺激的通道的影响。抑制效率受干扰材料语义关系性的影响 ,与目标材料属于同一语义范畴的比异范畴的干扰材料更难以被抑制。     

Cognitive-behavioral treatment groups for people with chronic physical illness in Hong Kong: reflections on a culturally attuned model

This study describes and evaluates a cognitive-behavioral treatment group for people with chronic physical illness in Hong Kong. We developed a group protocol based on the understanding that Chinese people generally prefer a structured group format, expect group leaders to be active and directive, and are not used to expressing opinions and emotions in groups. The experimental and waitlist control groups had 38 and 35 participants, respectively. A standardized questionnaire was administered to all participants before and after the group treatment. Results suggest that members of the experimental group showed improvements in mental health, negative automatic thoughts, and negative emotions when compared to those in the waitlist control groups, and at the end of group treatment. Implications for designing and running a culturally attuned CBT group for Chinese people are discussed.     

Epistemic motives and cultural conformity: need for closure, culture, and context as determinants of conflict judgments

Three studies support the proposal that need for closure (NFC) involves a desire for consensual validation that leads to cultural conformity. Individual differences in NFC interact with cultural group variables to determine East Asian versus Western differences in conflict style and procedural preferences (Study 1), information gathering in disputes (Study 2), and fairness judgment in reward allocations (Study 3). Results from experimental tests indicate that the relevance of NFC to cultural conformity reflects consensus motives rather than effort minimization (Study 2) or political conservatism (Study 3). Implications for research on conflict resolution and motivated cultural cognition are discussed.     

异同比较中的维度转移效应

以有颜色的实心几何图形为刺激材料进行了4个实验,考察异同比较中异反应之间的序列效应,被试为北京农业工程大学本科生77名。实验1a和1b中前后刺激对完全平衡,而实验2a和2b中前后刺激对随机平衡。实验1a,2a和2b发现了维度转移效应,表现为对于异反应后的异反应,前后2次异反应的差异维度一致时的反应快于不一致时的反应。本文以认知神经科学已有的相关证据解释了该效应产生的原因,并指出该效应反映了选择性注意在异反应判断中起重要作用,而且当任务要求注意在刺激维度上的分配不断变化时,注意按照当前刺激的特点做实时的分配     

Predictive validity of the Chinese version of the Adult Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire: psychometric properties and its short version

The success of screening for individuals at suicidal risk among the general population relies heavily on the availability of a reliable and validated instrument. However, there remains a lack of a well-validated screening tool for suicidal risk in Chinese, despite the fact that about a quarter of the world's suicides takes place in China. In view of the severity of the suicide problem among the Chinese population, there is a crucial need to develop robust screening tools locally. This study investigates the psychometric properties related to the Chinese version of the Adult Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire (ASIQ) with a 2-wave, population-based panel study in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China. Two-thousand sixteen Chinese people were interviewed for their suicidality, psychological well-being, and ASIQ scores. The Chinese ASIQ was shown to have strong internal reliability, convergent validity, and factorial validity. This study also demonstrated its predictive validity by examining sensitivity and specificity in identifying subsequent suicidality. A 4-item short version of ASIQ was also developed.     

编码时间对序列视觉信息整合的影响

本研究采用空白单元格定位任务,探讨序列刺激整合的时间特性。实验1重复前人的实验,验证了时间间隔对整合绩效的影响;实验2系统操纵了对先前刺激的编码时间与时间间隔,结果发现,编码时间越长,记忆的效果越好,虽然会妨碍对随后刺激的知觉,但整合绩效越高;而随着时间间隔的延长,延长编码时间带来的优势逐渐减弱。结论提示,人们能够整合视觉短时记忆和视知觉的信息,而且这种整合的时间特性不同于知觉整合。     

表征、加工和控制在认知活动中的作用

三要素相互作用模型强调表征、加工和控制在认知活动中的作用,并将表征区分为内部表征和外部表征,加工区分为自动加工和受控加工,控制区分为自动控制和意识控制,提出认知活动具有四种性质：表征的复杂性和变化性,加工的简单性和程序性,控制的有效性和灵活性,以及其他因素（如文化、情绪、动机和个性等）的作用。基于上述观点,开展了一系列实验研究,取得了一些成果     

物体识别中的视点问题

视点问题是物体识别研究中的热点问题。文章回顾了两个主要的物体识别理论：结构描述模型和基于图像的模型,前者认为物体识别是视点独立的（viewpoint-invariant）,后者认为物体识别是视点依赖的（viewpoint-dependent）。在介绍了物体识别领域的一些最新研究进展和分析了当前研究存在的问题之后,文章进一步探讨解决视点争论的可能的途径:完善现存的物体心理表征模型