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171.
A new illusion in which the apparent number of elements of two kinds is determined by their spatial arrangement is described. The illusion is such that one large cluster appears to contain more elements than several small clusters, clustering being determined by Gestalt principles. The illusion was found both in adults and in children of 8 years. 相似文献
172.
173.
Goal orientation: effects on backing up behavior, performance, efficacy, and commitment in teams 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Porter CO 《The Journal of applied psychology》2005,90(4):811-818
The author examined the predictive validity of goal orientation in teams on both team process and outcome variables. Results indicate that when mean goal orientation scores were used as a way of describing team members' inputs, learning orientation was related to backing up behavior, efficacy, and commitment. The relationships between performance orientation and efficacy and commitment, however, were more complex and were clarified when task performance was also taken into account. Performance orientation had a negative effect on efficacy when task performance was low and a positive effect on commitment when task performance was high. The implications of these findings for theory and research on goal orientation in teams and team staffing are discussed. 相似文献
174.
Jarret T. Crawford P. Andrew Leynes Christopher B. Mayhorn Martin L. Bink 《Behavior research methods》2004,36(3):444-458
A list of gender-related and gender-neutral words for use in testing gender stereotyping and memory was created and evaluated.
Words were rated by samples of undergraduates at universities located in the northeast, southeast, and south-central United
States. A substantial list of masculine, feminine, and gender-neutral words was identified. These lists allow researchers
to construct large lists of gender-associated words while being able to control for extraneous variables, such as word frequency
and word length. In addition, the high reliability across the samples suggests that gender ratings are a fairly stable phenomenon.
Applications for this list are discussed. The word lists presented in Tables 1–3 and the raw data analyzed in this article
may be downloaded fromwww.psychonomic.org/archive/. 相似文献
175.
Christopher?D.?ChambersEmail author Jason?B.?Mattingley Simon?A.?Moss 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2004,11(4):677-680
In the present issue, we critically review the influentialsuppression model of the octave illusion (Chambers, Mattingley, & Moss, 2004). In a rejoinder to our article, Deutsch (2004b) defends the utility
of the suppression model. Here, we respond to Deutsch’s arguments, many of which are based on criticisms of our recent experimental
report (Chambers, Mattingley, & Moss, 2002). We argue that Deutsch’s criticisms of this previous investigation are unfounded
and that her defense of the suppression model fails to account for the most important weaknesses of this theory. We conclude
that the suppression model remains inadequate as an explanation of the octave illusion. 相似文献
176.
Seven experiments examined recognition memory for sequentially presented odors. Following Reed (2000), participants were presented with a sequence of odors and then required to identify an odor from the sequence in a test probe comprising 2 odors. The pattern of results obtained by Reed (2000, although statistically marginal) demonstrated enhanced recognition for odors presented at the start (primacy) and end (recency) of the sequence: a result that we failed to replicate in any of the experiments reported here. Experiments 1 and 3 were designed to replicate Reed (2000), employing five-item and seven-item sequences, respectively, and each demonstrated significant recency, with evidence of primacy in Experiment 3 only. Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1, with reduced interstimulus intervals, and produced a null effect of serial position. The ease with which the odors could be verbally labeled was manipulated in Experiments 4 and 5. Nameable odors produced a null effect of serial position (Experiment 4), and hard-to-name odors produced a pronounced recency effect (Experiment 5); nevertheless, overall rates of recognition were remarkably similar for the two experiments at around 70%. Articulatory suppression reduced recognition accuracy (Experiment 6), but recency was again present in the absence of primacy. Odor recognition performance was immune to the effects of an interleaved odor (Experiment 7), and, again, both primacy and recency effects were absent. There was no evidence of olfactory fatigue: Recognition accuracy improved across trials (Experiment 1). It is argued that the results of the experiments reported here are generally consistent with that body of work employing hard-to-name visual stimuli, where recency is obtained in the absence of primacy when the retention interval is short. 相似文献
177.
A mathematical model previously developed for use in computer vision applications is presented as an empirical model for face
space. The term appearance space is used to distinguish this from previous models. Appearance space is a linear vector space
that is dimensionally optimal, enables us to model and describe any human facial appearance, and possesses characteristics
that are plausible for the representation of psychological face space. Randomly sampling from a multivariate distribution
for a location in appearance space produces entirely plausible faces, and manipulation of a small set of defining parameters
enables the automatic generation of photo-realistic caricatures. The appearance space model leads us to the new concept of
nonlinear caricatures, and we show that the accepted linear method for caricature is only a special case of a more general
paradigm. Nonlinear methods are also viable, and we present examples of photographic quality caricatures, using a number of
different transformation functions. Results of a simple experiment are presented that suggest that nonlinear transformations
can accurately capture key aspects of the caricature effect. Finally, we discuss the relationship between appearance space,
caricature, and facial distinctiveness. On the basis of our new theoretical framework, we suggest an experimental approach
that can yield new evidence for the plausibility of face space and its ability to explain processes of recognition. 相似文献
178.
Christopher Davis-Roberts 《International journal of psychology》1985,20(3-4):569-587
The madman makes it possible for us to grasp the radical potential of consciousness at its limits. He contradicts the other person's discursive thinking towards the virtually inarticulable or unthought self. The Lakeside Tabwa of Shaba, Zaire, apprehend madness in three rather different, discursive domains. There is, firstly, wazimu, or its ‘mature’, incurable form, kizenzezia, considered as a fact of social life. It is seen as inverting the norms or functions of personhood and undoing those of mentality. It breaks down reciprocity, it is the negative function of ‘Death’. Secondly, it is in the prodromal illness, mubulibuli, and certain related emotion states, that madness appears as the artefact of another's malicious and intrusive ‘Desire’: the madman is said to have ‘closed anger’ in his heart alienating him from ongoing experience and interaction. Finally, in the diviner, the ‘otherness’ of gaze and speech is transformed into the normative power of clairvoyance bringing about its own logic and historicity. Here, the inversion of personhood becomes an emblem of insight and ‘Law’, but at the risk of insanity. The ethnographic encounter with the very otherness of the thinking of madness and of another culture toward the unthought itself is, in a sense, epistemogenic. 相似文献
179.
Christopher A. Sanchez 《Memory (Hove, England)》2013,21(2):226-232
It has been suggested that pain perception and attention are closely linked at both a neural and a behavioural level. If pain and attention are so linked, it is reasonable to speculate that those who vary in working memory capacity (WMC) should be affected by pain differently. This study compares the performance of individuals who differ in WMC as they perform processing and memory span tasks while under mild pain and not. While processing performance under mild pain does not interact with WMC, the ability to store information for later recall does. This suggests that pain operates much like an additional processing burden, and that the ability to overcome this physical sensation is related to differences in WMC. 相似文献
180.