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191.
Christopher?A.?KurbyEmail author Katja?Wiemer-Hastings Nagasai?Ganduri Joseph?P.?Magliano Keith?K.?Millis Danielle?S.?McNamara 《Behavior research methods》2003,35(2):244-250
The effectiveness of a domain-specific latent semantic analysis (LSA) in assessing reading strategies was examined. Students were given self-explanation reading training (SERT) and asked to think aloud after each sentence in a science text. Novice and expert human raters and two LSA spaces (general reading, science) rated the similarity of each think-aloud protocol to benchmarks representing three different reading strategies (minimal, local, and global). The science LSA space correlated highly with human judgments, and more highly than did the general reading space. Also, cosines from the science LSA spaces can distinguish between different levels of semantic similarity, but may have trouble in distinguishing local processing protocols. Thus, a domain-specific LSA space is advantageous regardless of the size of the space. The results are discussedin the context of applying the science LSA to a computer-based version of SERT that gives online feedback based on LSA cosines. 相似文献
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195.
Christopher A. Thurber 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1999,27(2):125-139
Homesickness is the distress or impairment caused by an actual or anticipated separation from home. It is characterized by acute longing and preoccupying thoughts of home and attachment objects. This study extended previous research on the phenomenology of childhood homesickness by assessing a sample of 316 boys, ages 8–16, who were spending 2 weeks at a single-sex residential summer camp. Some 18% of the children reported moderate or high levels of homesickness; 7% reported concomitant severe depressive and anxious symptoms. Homesickness intensity was negatively correlated with separation experience and age. It was most commonly associated with depressive symptoms and internalizing behavior problems. For severely homesick boys, intensity increased over time, decreasing just prior to their return home. Preseparation assessment suggested that severely homesick boys had elevated levels of homesickness and negative emotions months before arriving at camp. One-year follow-up data suggested that the intensity of severe homesickness decreased with age and experience. However, severely homesick boys were less likely than other boys to return to camp. The results demonstrate how brief separations can affect children's well-being and attitudes about separations. Severe homesickness is distinct from separation anxiety disorder, but has elements of this and other psychopathologies. Theories of negative emotion, attachment, and coping complement emerging theories of homesickness. 相似文献
196.
Kathy L. Bentson Frank P. Miles Clifford A. Astley Orville A. Smith 《Behavior research methods》1999,31(3):455-463
A remote-controlled device was developed for injection of fluids and collection of blood samples from freely moving, socially housed animals via an indwelling catheter. Samples are collected at times chosen by the investigator, and the animal is not aware that sampling is occurring. This technique allows measurement of plasma catecholamines and other substances that fluctuate rapidly, are affected by psychosocial stimuli, and are altered by capture and other stressful activities that often accompany sample collection. Rapid retrieval of samples is facilitated by remote-controlled injection of an anesthetic. The device has been used to collect blood from dominant and subordinate male baboons before and during events such as chases and presentation of food treats. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured via radio telemetry, and behavior was recorded on videotapes. This technique allowed construction of multifaceted physiological profiles of social roles and behaviors. 相似文献
197.
Aimée M. Surprenant Susan L. Hura Mary P. Harper Leah H. Jamieson Glenis Long Scott M. Thede Ayasakanta Rout Tsung-Hsiang Hsueh Stephen A. Hockema Michael T. Johnson Pramila N. Srinivasan Christopher M. White J. Brandon Laflen 《Behavior research methods》1999,31(4):638-649
Ratings of familiarity and pronounceability were obtained from a random sample of 199 surnames (selected from over 80,000 entries in the Purdue University phone book) and 199 nouns (from the Ku?era-Francis, 1967, word database). The distributions of ratings for nouns versus names are substantially different: Nouns were rated as more familiar and easier to pronounce than surnames. Frequency and familiarity were more closely related in the proper name pool than the word pool, although both correlations were modest. Ratings of familiarity and pronounceability were highly related for both groups. A production experiment showed that rated pronounceability was highly related to the time taken to produce a name. These data confirm the common belief that there are differences in the statistical and distributional properties of words as compared to proper names. The value of using frequency and the ratings of familiarity and pronounceability for predicting variations in actual pronunciations of words and names are discussed. 相似文献
198.
Christopher D. Ratcliff Michael Czuchry Nikki C. Scarberry Jennifer C. Thomas Donald F. Dansereau Charles G. Lord 《Journal of applied social psychology》1999,29(5):994-1009
An important application of psychological principles involves increasing intentions to engage in activities that, although admittedly beneficial, are often not initially appealing (e.g., studying, quitting smoking, dieting). The present study tests the utility of directed thinking as a tool for eliciting intentions to engage in such activities. Undergraduate students were directed to think either about the reasons why people should find studying enjoyable or about the actions that people might take to make studying enjoyable. Regardless of whether they thought as individuals or in cooperating dyads, students who thought about actions later reported greater intentions to spend time studying than did students who thought about reasons. The results have both theoretical and practical significance. 相似文献
199.
J. Christopher McGinnis Patrick C. Friman William D. Carlyon 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1999,32(3):375-379
This study used a multielement baseline design to analyze the effects of token rewards delivered contingent upon completion of math problems by 2 middle-school boys. Time spent on math and number of work pages completed increased (with high accuracy) during reward conditions and were maintained during fading and withdrawal. At follow-up, time spent and work pages completed remained well above baseline for 1 boy and fell below for the other, while accuracy remained high and ratings of liking math were the highest possible for both boys. Overall, the results are inconsistent with warnings about use of token rewards to motivate children. 相似文献
200.
Peg Hull Smith Jeannette Whitmore Wendelyn J. Shore Christopher W. Robinson Wallace E. DixonJr. 《Infant behavior & development》1999,22(4):407
The effects of differing levels of word knowledge on infants’ sequential touching behaviors were investigated in two studies. In both, parent report was used to assess three levels of word knowledge: known, frontier, and unknown. In the first study, 14-month-old infants sequentially touched objects consistent with parents’ reports of their word knowledge. In the second study, 20-month-old infants sequentially touched objects by both conceptual category and reported level of word knowledge. It appears that even infants, like adults, can make distinctions among objects on the basis of their knowledge about the objects’ labels. 相似文献