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921.
In this experiment we sought to provide evidence for transliminality from a test of subliminal perception that was disguised as a computerised ESP card-guessing task. It was predicted that highly transliminal individuals would outperform those with low levels of transliminality when given subliminal primes or 'clues' to the correct choice of card, but not when no primes were given. In line with the prediction, higher levels of transliminality were found to be associated with a greater number of correct selections of the target card on the primed trials, but not on the unprimed trials. In addition, a positive correlation was obtained between transliminality and detection accuracy, suggesting that higher levels of transliminality are associated with a greater sensitivity to visual stimulation. The results are discussed with reference to the possibility that transliminality might offer an alternative explanation for some ostensibly psychic perceptual experiences if subliminally acquired material is wrongly attributed to psychic sources. 相似文献
922.
Older adults with comorbid insomnia and medical illness have been excluded from behavioral treatment research, but recent evidence suggested that such treatments would be effective with this population. In this study, 38 older adults with comorbid insomnia were randomized to 1 of 3 conditions: classroom cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT), home-based audio relaxation treatment (HART), or delayed-treatment control. Compared to the control group, the CBT group had significant changes in 5 of 7 self-report measures of sleep at the 4-month follow-up. The HART group obtained significant outcomes on 3 of 7 measures. Wrist actigraphy measures and secondary-outcome measures did not yield significant findings for either treatment. Clinically significant changes at follow-up were obtained for 54% of patients in CBT, 35% in HART, and 6% in the control group when treatment dropouts were included. Although not as effective as in-person CBT, home interventions may have utility as a first-line, low-cost treatment. 相似文献
923.
Christopher Tollefsen 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2002,5(1):67-87
In John McDowell's recent Woodbridge Lectures at Columbia University, he characterizes Wilfrid Sellars's master thought, in Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind, as drawing a line between two types of characterizations of states that occur in people's mental lives: Above the line are placings in the logical space of reasons, and below it are characterizations that do not do that (McDowell, 1998, p. 433). In this essay, I ask what would be required for ethics to be above the line. More precisely, what would be necessary to characterize episodes as actions, and persons as agents, so as for them to be answerable to moral criticism in light of rationally relevant considerations. The requirements are twofold: that practical reason motivate in virtue of the content of its deliverances; and that there be a will which is sensitive to those deliverances, and which chooses freely. A widespread procedural account of practical reason is examined and found insufficient to place ethics above the line; and a suspicion is raised that McDowell himself, and Jonathan Dancy, do not have a robust enough conception of will to avoid the below the line ethics they accuse their opponents of defending. 相似文献
924.
The effect of alcohol on identification accuracy is potentially an important topic. This study examined the effects of alcohol consumption on identification accuracy from showups, the identification procedure most likely to be used by police with intoxicated witnesses. The blood alcohol level of people exposed to a target was measured. In the target-present showup condition, blood alcohol level was not significantly related to correct identification rate. In the target-absent showup condition, the higher the blood alcohol level, the more people were likely to make a false identification. Implications for law enforcement and future research directions are discussed. 相似文献
925.
Chambers CD Mattingley JB Moss SA 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2002,28(6):1288-1302
The octave illusion occurs when each ear receives a sequence of tones alternating by 1 octave but with the high and low tones in different ears. Most listeners perceive these stimuli as a high pitch in one ear alternating with a low pitch in the other ear. D. Deutsch and P. L. Roll (1976) interpreted this phenomenon as evidence for a what-where division of auditory processing caused by sequential interactions between the tones. They argued that the pitch follows the frequency presented to the dominant ear but is lateralized toward the higher frequency component. This model was examined in 4 experiments. Results indicate that the perceived pitch approximates the fundamental frequency and that the illusion does not depend on sequential interactions. The octave illusion may arise from an interaction between dichotic fusion and binaural diplacusis rather than from suppression as proposed by Deutsch. 相似文献
926.
In academic courses in which one task for the students is to understand empirical methodology and the nature of scientific
inquiry, the ability of students to create and implement their own experiments allows them to take intellectual ownership
of, and greatly facilitates, the learning process. The Psychology Experiment Authoring Kit (PEAK) is a novel spreadsheet-based
interface allowing students and researchers with rudimentary spreadsheet skills to create cognitive and cognitive neuroscience
experiments in minutes. Students fill in a spreadsheet listing of independent variables and stimuli, insert columns that represent
experimental objects such as slides (presenting text, pictures, and sounds) and feedback displays to create complete experiments,
all within a single spreadsheet. The application then executes experiments with centisecond precision. Formal usability testing
was done in two stages: (1) detailed coding of 10 individual subjects in one-on-one experimenter/subject videotaped sessions
and (2) classroom testing of 64 undergraduates. In both individual and classroom testing, the students learned to effectively
use PEAK within 2 h, and were able to create a lexical decision experiment in under 10 min. Findings from the individual testing
in Stage 1 resulted in significant changes to documentation and training materials and identification of bugs to be corrected.
Stage 2 testing identified additional bugs to be corrected and new features to be considered to facilitate student understanding
of the experiment model. Such testing will improve the approach with each semester. The students were typically able to create
their own projects in 2 h. 相似文献
927.
Green CD 《History of psychology》2005,8(1):35-45
In the 1830s, Charles Babbage worked on a mechanical computer he dubbed the Analytical Engine. Although some people around Babbage described his invention as though it had authentic mental powers, Babbage refrained from making such claims. He does not, however, seem to have discouraged those he worked with from mooting the idea publicly. This article investigates whether (1) the Analytical Engine was the focus of a covert research program into the mechanism of mentality; (2) Babbage opposed the idea that the Analytical Engine had mental powers but allowed his colleagues to speculate as they saw fit; or (3) Babbage believed such claims to be fanciful, but cleverly used the publicity they engendered to draw public and political attention to his project. 相似文献
928.
A mathematical model previously developed for use in computer vision applications is presented as an empirical model for face
space. The term appearance space is used to distinguish this from previous models. Appearance space is a linear vector space
that is dimensionally optimal, enables us to model and describe any human facial appearance, and possesses characteristics
that are plausible for the representation of psychological face space. Randomly sampling from a multivariate distribution
for a location in appearance space produces entirely plausible faces, and manipulation of a small set of defining parameters
enables the automatic generation of photo-realistic caricatures. The appearance space model leads us to the new concept of
nonlinear caricatures, and we show that the accepted linear method for caricature is only a special case of a more general
paradigm. Nonlinear methods are also viable, and we present examples of photographic quality caricatures, using a number of
different transformation functions. Results of a simple experiment are presented that suggest that nonlinear transformations
can accurately capture key aspects of the caricature effect. Finally, we discuss the relationship between appearance space,
caricature, and facial distinctiveness. On the basis of our new theoretical framework, we suggest an experimental approach
that can yield new evidence for the plausibility of face space and its ability to explain processes of recognition. 相似文献
929.
Christopher Norris 《国际科学哲学研究》2001,15(1):65-91
In this essay, I offer a critical evaluation of Hilary Putnam's writings on epistemology and philosophy of science, in particular his engagement with interpretative problems in quantum mechanics. I trace the development of his thinking from the late 1960s when he adopted a strong causal-realist position on issues of meaning, reference, and truth, via the "internal realist" approach of his middle-period writings, to the various forms of pragmatist, naturalized, or "commonsense" epistemology proposed in his latest books. My contention is that Putnam's retreat from a full-fledged realist outlook has been prompted in large part by his belief that it cannot possibly be reconciled with the implications of quantum mechanics for our understanding of processes and events in the subatomic domain. However, I suggest, this response should be seen as premature given the range of as-yet unresolved problems with quantum mechanics on the orthodox (Copenhagen) interpretation and also the existence of an alternative account - David Bohm's hidden-variables theory - which perfectly matches the established predictive-observational results while providing a credible realist ontology. I also examine Putnam's case for adopting a nonstandard (three-valued) "quantum logic" in relation to the thinking of other philosophers - Michael Dummett among them - who have espoused a more global or doctrinaire version of anti-realism. I conclude that Putnam's early (causal-realist) position is by no means untenable in light of the various arguments that he now takes as counting decisively against it. 相似文献
930.
John J. Curtin Christopher J. Patrick Alan R. Lang John T. Cacioppo & Niels Birbaumer 《Psychological science》2001,12(6):527-531
Determining how cognition and emotion interact is pivotal to an understanding of human behavior and its disorders. Available data suggest that changes in emotional reactivity and behavior associated with drinking are intertwined with alcohol's effects on cognitive processing. In the study reported here, we demonstrated that alcohol dampens anticipatory fear and response inhibition in human participants not by directly suppressing subcortical emotion centers, as posited by traditional tension-reduction theories, but instead by impairing cognitive-processing capacity. During intoxication, reductions in fear response (assessed via startle potentiation) occurred only under dual-stimulus conditions, and coincided with reduced attentional processing of threat cues as evidenced by brain response (assessed via P3 event-related potentials). The results are consistent with higher cortical mediation of alcohol's effects on fear, and illustrate more broadly how disruption of a cognitive process can lead to alterations in emotional reactivity and adaptive behavior. 相似文献