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191.
Robert Zinko Gerald R. Ferris Stephen E. Humphrey Christopher J. Meyer Federico Aime 《Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology》2012,85(1):156-180
Personal reputation has been argued to demonstrate important influences on work outcomes. However, substantive research on personal reputation is relatively scarce. This two‐study investigation empirically supports and extends existing theory regarding the temporal development of personal reputation (i.e., antecedents and consequences), and thus contributes to a more informed understanding of both the construct and criterion‐related validity of this important construct. Study 1 is conducted longitudinally, in order to assess the development of personal reputation over time, which is undertaken to demonstrate the effects of human capital and social effectiveness as antecedents of reputation. Study 2 complements and extends the first study by conducting a field investigation examining the effects of time, human capital, and social effectiveness as antecedents of personal reputation, while also exploring the reputation consequences of autonomy, power, and career success. Our findings suggest that human capital, time, and social effectiveness play a part in the development of a reputation. Furthermore, career success, power, and autonomy were shown to be outcomes of the reputation construct. Contributions and strengths of this investigation, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
192.
The pipeline toward careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) begins to leak in high school, when some students choose not to take advanced mathematics and science courses. We conducted a field experiment testing whether a theory-based intervention that was designed to help parents convey the importance of mathematics and science courses to their high school-aged children would lead them to take more mathematics and science courses in high school. The three-part intervention consisted of two brochures mailed to parents and a Web site, all highlighting the usefulness of STEM courses. This relatively simple intervention led students whose parents were in the experimental group to take, on average, nearly one semester more of science and mathematics in the last 2 years of high school, compared with the control group. Parents are an untapped resource for increasing STEM motivation in adolescents, and the results demonstrate that motivational theory can be applied to this important pipeline problem. 相似文献
193.
Change blindness is the inability to detect changes that occur in a scene, when the scene is briefly obscured while the change happens. It has been found to occur during driving simulations and computer use for example. Scene-Complexity, stimulus On-Time and time for which a scene is obscured can all affect our ability to detect changes (or change blindness). In most studies parameters have been selected to induce change blindness with little consideration of the extent to which change blindness might be induced. There is however evidence that variables that describe the visual scene can affect likelihood of detecting changes (Rensink Visual Cognition 7:345?C376, 2000). These effects have in this paper been explored in combination. Increasing Scene-Complexity, decreasing stimulus On-Time and increasing the duration for which a scene is obscured all increase change blindness but they all interact to further increase the likelihood of changes being missed. In order to reduce change blindness in a changing scene, all the variables need to be considered. 相似文献
194.
It is known that properties of words such as their imageability can influence our ability to remember those words. However, it is not known if other object-related properties can also influence our memory. In this study we asked whether a word representing a concrete object that can be functionally interacted with (i.e., high-manipulability word) would enhance the memory representations for that item compared to a word representing a less manipulable object (i.e., low-manipulability word). Here participants incidentally encoded high-manipulability (e.g., CAMERA) and low-manipulability words (e.g., TABLE) while making word judgments. Using a between-subjects design, we varied the depth-of-processing involved in the word judgment task: participants judged the words based on personal experience (deep/elaborative processing), word length (shallow), or functionality (intermediate). Participants were able to remember high-manipulability words better than low-manipulability words in both the personal experience and word length groups; thus presenting the first evidence that manipulability can influence memory. However, we observed better memory for low- than high-manipulability words in the functionality group. We explain this surprising interaction between manipulability and memory as being mediated by automatic vs. controlled motor-related cognition. 相似文献
195.
Sinke C Halpern JH Zedler M Neufeld J Emrich HM Passie T 《Consciousness and cognition》2012,21(3):1419-1434
Despite some principal similarities, there is no systematic comparison between the different types of synesthesia (genuine, acquired and drug-induced). This comprehensive review compares the three principal types of synesthesia and focuses on their phenomenological features and their relation to different etiological models. Implications of this comparison for the validity of the different etiological models are discussed. Comparison of the three forms of synesthesia show many more differences than similarities. This is in contrast to their representation in the literature, where they are discussed in many respects as being virtually similar. Noteworthy is the much broader spectrum and intensity with the typical drug-induced synesthesias compared to genuine and acquired synesthesias. A major implication of the phenomenological comparison in regard to the etiological models is that genuine and acquired synesthesias point to morphological substrates, while drug-induced synesthesia appears to be based on functional changes of brain activity. 相似文献
196.
Elizabeth H. Blodgett Salafia Jessica L. Lemer 《Journal of child and family studies》2012,21(1):148-157
Stress is common during adolescence, yet no known studies have linked particular types of stress (performance, relationship,
education, financial, and family) with disordered eating among adolescents in middle school. The present study investigated
sex differences in types of stress and how multiple types of stress were associated with girls’ and boys’ body dissatisfaction,
dieting behaviors, and bulimic symptoms. We found that girls reported higher levels of stress than boys and that different
associations between stress and disordered eating existed for girls and boys. We also examined a path model for both sexes
such that stress first led to body dissatisfaction, which then led to dieting and finally bulimic symptoms. Our model was
supported for girls with performance, relationship, and family stress driving the process. For boys, all five types of stress
were associated with body dissatisfaction, which was linked with dieting; however, the relation between dieting and bulimic
symptoms was not significant. Future research and therapy should focus on the unique experiences of each sex in order to gain
a better understanding of the processes involved in coping with stress and promoting healthy development. 相似文献
197.
We are constantly exposed to our own face and voice, and we identify our own faces and voices as familiar. However, the influence
of self-identity upon self-speech perception is still uncertain. Speech perception is a synthesis of both auditory and visual
inputs; although we hear our own voice when we speak, we rarely see the dynamic movements of our own face. If visual speech
and identity are processed independently, no processing advantage would obtain in viewing one’s own highly familiar face.
In the present experiment, the relative contributions of facial and vocal inputs to speech perception were evaluated with
an audiovisual illusion. Our results indicate that auditory self-speech conveys a processing advantage, whereas visual self-speech
does not. The data thereby support a model of visual speech as dynamic movement processed separately from speaker recognition. 相似文献
198.
The proposed changes to the personality disorder section of the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.) places an increased focus on interpersonal impairment as one of the defining features of personality psychopathology. In addition, a proposed trait model has been offered to provide a means of capturing phenotypic variation on the expression of personality disorder. In this study, the authors subject the proposed DSM-5 traits to interpersonal analysis using the inventory of interpersonal problems-circumplex scales via the structural summary method for circumplex data. DSM-5 traits were consistently associated with generalized interpersonal dysfunction suggesting that they are maladaptive in nature, the majority of traits demonstrated discriminant validity with prototypical and differentiated interpersonal problem profiles, and conformed well to a priori hypothesized associations. These results are discussed in the context of the DSM-5 proposal and contemporary interpersonal theory, with a particular focus on potential areas for expansion of the DSM-5 trait model. 相似文献
199.
Between 1998 and 2006, twenty-seven states amended their constitutions to prohibit same sex marriage. The 2008 elections again
saw three states with ballot measures aimed at banning gay marriage. This study examines the determinants of support for those
measures in California and Florida, and includes a similar measure placed on the primary election ballot in California in
2000. Support is measured as the county-wide vote in favor of each gay marriage ban. A number of hypotheses are explored that
examine the urban/rural nature of each county, as well as the political and demographic characteristics of county residents.
It is suggested that states may be best viewed as relatively independent groupings of diverse subcultures, rather than as
homogenous populations with a single political culture. The findings reported here indicate that a host of demographic, political
and religious differences within each state influence residents’ votes on gay marriage bans. 相似文献
200.