Subvocal motor activity and contextual processing

Twenty male and female subjects listened for mispronounced words while minimizing either subvocal or frontalis electromyographic activity. Stimuli were varied on size of the distortion, lexical constraint, and contextual constraint, all known to influence detections. Analysis of both the reaction time and detection data indicated that the minimization of subvocal EMG activity reduced or eliminated the effect of contextual constraint, while minimization of frontalis EMG activity resulted in the typically observed contextual constraint effect. Results indicate that subvocal activity is related to contextual processing. Additionally, reaction time data are reported that indicate that although low contextual constraint greatly slows the decision process, detectability is actually superior. A possible underlying mechanism for this reversal of the speed-accuracy trade-off is discussed.This article is partially based on the first author's Wayne State University doctoral dissertation. Special thanks go to Cathy Gross Ward, Cris Foster, and Bob Beattie for their valuable assistance during the collection of data. A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the Eastern Psychological Association meeting in Baltimore, 1982.     

An Examination of the Combined Effects of Realistic Job Previews, Job Attractiveness and Recruiter Affect on Job Acceptance Decisions

Cette recherche s'est donnée pour objectif 17apos;étude des effets combinés des profils de poste réalistes (R.J.P.), de l'intérêt du travail et de l'impact du responsable de recrutement sur la décision des candidats d'accepter ou non le poste. Soixante étudiants de 1* cycle ont joué le rôle de candidat à un emploi; its ont été distribués au hasard dans l'une de trois conditions d'information sur le travail: (1) Un profil de poste réaliste décrit oralement pendant l'entretien. (2) Un profil de poste réaliste remis avant l'entretien sous forme imprimée. (3) Une information générale sur le travail donnée oralement lors de l'entretien. Les résultats confirment les hypothèses: les effets positifs indirects des profils de poste réalistes (l'intérêt du poste et l'impact du responsable du recrutement) compensent l'effet négatif direct des R.J.P. sur la décision d'acceptation du poste. Ce phénomème était particulièrement net dans la présentation orale du R.J.P. par comparaison avec la présentation écrite. Un modèle rendant compte des conséquences des R.J.P. sur les décisions d'acceptation d'un poste est décrit et testé avec un modele concurrent.     

Combining Expectancies

Five experiments examine the combined effects of spatial and non-spatial cues on the latency of an orientation judgement. In Experiment 1 an interaction between position and form expectancies is observed: There is an unusual delay in response time (RT) when expectancies mismatch—that is, when an unexpected (uncued) form appears at an expected (cued) position or an expected (cued) form appears at an unexpected (uncued) position. This interaction is inconsistent with the spatial spotlight model's prediction that position and form expectancy effects will be additive. The position-form interaction is eliminated when target position discriminability is made difficult by adding a distractor item at the location not containing a target (Experiment 2) or by decreasing the validity of the positional cue (Experiment 3). Decreasing the validity of the form cue has no effect on the interaction. The mismatching expectancy interaction is not unique to combinations of position and form—it is also observed when temporal (Experiment 4) and colour (Experiment 5) expectancies are combined with form expectancies. The effects of advance knowledge of position therefore suggest no special status for location compared to other stimulus attributes. Thus, at least for combined expectancies, the notion of a uniquely spatial mental spotlight seems unjustified. It is hypothesized that expectancy interactions may reflect a hierarchical crosstalk relation between dimensions of encoding.     

Planning and Problem solving Using the Five disc Tower of London Task

This paper investigates the planning and problem-solving abilities of normal adult subjects using a complex version of Shallice's (1982, 1988) Tower of London (TOL) task. Subjects were required to plan a fluent solution to a range of 5-disc TOL puzzles and then execute their formulated plans as fast as possible. The number of errors and the times taken to prepare the most efficient solutions increased monotonically with the number of chunks of subgoal moves. A subgoal move is a move that is essential for the solution of the puzzle, but which does not place a disc into its goal position. A subgoal chunk is a consecutive series of subgoal moves that all transfer discs to and from the same pegs. Furthermore, preparation time was found to be sensitive to a manipulation that increased the number of competing alternative choices, at critical steps in move selection. When subjects planned their action sequences 'on-line', analyses of individual moves and individual move latencies suggested that planning TOL solutions was limited by the difficulty in evaluating and selecting one action (or one subgoal chunk) from the set of competing potential actions at each step in the course of problem solving.