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101.
Kim Bosmans Sarah Mousaid Nele De Cuyper Stefan Hardonk Fred Louckx Christophe Vanroelen 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2016
Domestic work can be perceived to be ‘dirty work’ in several ways: it is associated with dirt handling, low occupational prestige, and domestic workers have a servile relationship to their clients/employers. This stigma may negatively affect domestic workers' sense of self, and thus coping strategies appear to be critical. In this article, we explore the coping strategies that moderate the relation between the stigma of dirty work and domestic workers' sense of self, based on the analyses of 43 interviews with domestic workers in Belgium. By using a social stress approach in which stigma is considered a stressor, our results reveal a range of maladaptive and adaptive coping strategies that contribute to a negative or a more positive sense of self. Four main categories of coping strategies are discussed: confronting or countering perceptions and behaviours, occupational ideologies, social weighting and defensive tactics. The first two categories are adaptive coping strategies; the last two can be adaptive or maladaptive. We also reveal that workers used adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies simultaneously, leading to mixed implications for their sense of self. 相似文献
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103.
Christophe Malaterre 《国际科学哲学研究》2007,21(1):57-73
In recent cancer research, strong and apparently conflicting epistemological stances have been advocated by different research teams in a mist of an ever‐growing body of knowledge ignited by ever‐more perplexing and non‐conclusive experimental facts: in the past few years, an ‘organicist’ approach investigating cancer development at the tissue level has challenged the established and so‐called ‘reductionist’ approach focusing on disentangling the genetic and molecular circuitry of carcinogenesis. This article reviews the ways in which ‘organicism’ and ‘reductionism’ are used and opposed in this context, with an aim at clarifying the debate. Methodological, epistemological and ontological implications of both approaches are discussed. We argue that the ‘organicist/reductionist’ opposition in the present case of carcinogenesis is more a matter of diverging heuristics than a claim about theoretical or ontological (ir)reducibility. As a matter of fact, except for the downward causation claim, which we question, we argue that the organicist arguments are compatible with the reductionist approach. Moreover, we speculate that both approaches, which currently focus on specific entities i.e., genes versus tissues, will need to shift their conceptual frameworks to studying complex arrays of relationships potentially ranging over several levels of entities, as is the case with ‘systems biology’. 相似文献
104.
The extent to which belief revision is affected by systematic variability and direct experience of a conditional (if A then B) relation was examined in two studies. The first used a computer generated apparatus. This presented two rows of 5 objects. Pressing one of the top objects resulted in one of the bottom objects being lit up. The 139 adult participants were given one of two levels of experience (5 or 15 trials) and one of two types of apparatus. One of these was completely uniform, while the other had an element that randomly alternated in its result. Following the testing of the apparatus, participants were asked to rate their certainty of the action of the middle element, which was always uniform (the AB belief). Then they were told of an observation inconsistent with this belief. Participants were then asked whether they considered the AB belief or the anecdotal observation to be more believable. Results showed that increased experience decreased the tendency to reject the AB belief, when the apparatus did not have any randomness. However, the presence of a single element showing random variation in the system strongly increased rejection of this belief. A second study looked at the effect of a single random element on a mechanical system as well as an electronic system using graphical representations. This confirmed the generality of the effect of randomness on belief revision, and provided support for the effects of embedding a belief into a system of relations. These results provide some insight into the complex factors that determine belief revision. 相似文献
105.
Boesch C 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2007,121(3):227-240
Two major theoretical approaches have dominated the quest for uniquely human cognitive abilities: a developmentalist approach stressing the importance of environmental and social conditions, and a predominant approach in experimental and comparative psychology, the deterministic approach suggesting the effect of environmental and social conditions to be minimal. As a consequence, most claims of human cognitive uniqueness are based on comparisons of White middle class Westerner humans (Homo sapiens) with captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). However, humans are much more than only White middle class Westerners, and chimpanzees are much more than only captives. A review of some data available on different populations of humans and chimpanzees reveals that only the predictions of the developmentalist approach are supported. In addition, systematic biases are too often introduced in experiment protocols when comparing humans with apes that further cast doubts on cross-species comparisons. The author argues that only with consideration of within-species population differences in the cognitive domains and the use of well-matched cross-species experimental procedures will an objective understanding of the different cognitive abilities between species emerge. This will require a shift in the theoretical approach adopted by many in experimental and comparative psychology. 相似文献
106.
Christophe Maïano Alexandre J. S. Morin Johana Monthuy-Blanc Jean-Marie Garbarino Yannick Stephan 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2009,31(4):387-404
Recent studies have questioned the appropriateness of the original Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI) in nonclinical samples
of adolescents. The main objective of the present series of studies is to systematically test the construct validity of the
EDI (i.e. content, factorial, convergent, discriminant and discriminative) in a nonclinical sample of French adolescents.
A total sample of 1,323 adolescents was involved in these five studies. The factorial validity and the measurement invariance
of the EDI were verified through confirmatory factorial analyses. Correlation and student t-tests were also used to test the
convergent and discriminative validity of the EDI. Results from the first study confirmed the unsuitability of the French
original EDI for young adolescents. Items were re-worded and an adaptation for adolescents was developed (EDI-A). The following
four studies provided support for the factorial validity, measurement invariance, reliability, convergent validity and discriminant
validity for a short form (i.e. 24 items) of the EDI-A. The present results thus provide preliminary evidence regarding the
construct validity of the 24-item EDI-A for French nonclinical adolescents. Recommendations for future uses and research activities
with this instrument in French speaking adolescents are outlined. 相似文献
107.
Emmanuel Chemla Toben H. Mintz Savita Bernal Anne Christophe 《Developmental science》2009,12(3):396-406
Mintz (2003 ) described a distributional environment called a frame, defined as the co‐occurrence of two context words with one intervening target word. Analyses of English child‐directed speech showed that words that fell within any frequently occurring frame consistently belonged to the same grammatical category (e.g. noun, verb, adjective, etc.). In this paper, we first generalize this result to French, a language in which the function word system allows patterns that are potentially detrimental to a frame‐based analysis procedure. Second, we show that the discontinuity of the chosen environments (i.e. the fact that target words are framed by the context words) is crucial for the mechanism to be efficient. This property might be relevant for any computational approach to grammatical categorization. Finally, we investigate a recursive application of the procedure and observe that the categorization is paradoxically worse when context elements are categories rather than actual lexical items. Item‐specificity is thus also a core computational principle for this type of algorithm. Our analysis, along with results from behavioural studies ( Gómez, 2002 ; Gómez and Maye, 2005 ; Mintz, 2006 ), provides strong support for frames as a basis for the acquisition of grammatical categories by infants. Discontinuity and item‐specificity appear to be crucial features. 相似文献
108.
A video multitracking system for quantification of individual behavior in a large fish shoal: Advantages and limits 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Johann Delcourt Christophe Becco Nicolas Vandewalle Pascal Poncin 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(1):228-235
The capability of a new multitracking system to track a large number of unmarked fish (up to 100) is evaluated. This system
extrapolates a trajectory from each individual and analyzes recorded sequences that are several minutes long. This system
is very efficient in statistical individual tracking, where the individual’s identity is important for a short period of time
in comparison with the duration of the track. Individual identification is typically greater than 99%. Identification is largely
efficient (more than 99%) when the fish images do not cross the image of a neighbor fish. When the images of two fish merge
(occlusion), we consider that the spot on the screen has a double identity. Consequently, there are no identification errors during
occlusions, even though the measurement of the positions of each individual is imprecise. When the images of these two merged
fish separate (separation), individual identification errors are more frequent, but their effect is very low in statistical individual tracking. On
the other hand, in complete individual tracking, where individual fish identity is important for the entire trajectory, each identification error invalidates the results.
In such cases, the experimenter must observe whether the program assigns the correct identification, and, when an error is
made, must edit the results. This work is not too costly in time because it is limited to the separation events, accounting
for fewer than 0.1% of individual identifications. Consequently, in both statistical and rigorous individual tracking, this
system allows the experimenter to gain time by measuring the individual position automatically. It can also analyze the structural
and dynamic properties of an animal group with a very large sample, with precision and sampling that are impossible to obtain
with manual measures. 相似文献
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Experimental social psychologists routinely rely on ANOVA to study interactions between factors even when the assumptions underlying the use of parametric tests are not met. Alternative nonparametric methods are often relatively difficult to conduct, have seldom been presented into detail in regular curriculum and have the reputation - sometimes incorrectly - of being less powerful than parametric tests. This article presents the adjusted rank transform test (ART); a nonparametric test, easy to conduct, having the advantage of being much more powerful than parametric tests when certain assumptions underlying the use of these tests are violated. To specify the conditions under which the adjusted rank transform test is superior to the usual parametric tests, results of a Monte Carlo simulation are presented. 相似文献