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91.
Free speech recording samples of two groups of French SLI children aged 48 and 62 months (matched for MLU, 1.70) and two groups of French normally developing children aged 26 and 36 month (matched for MLU, 3.2) were compared to determine whether they showed a difference in the use of lexical categories. A category-by-category comparison showed few significant differences. For low MLU children, SLI produced significantly fewer infinitives, past participles, copulas, and demonstrative pronouns. For high MLU children, the difference persisted only in past participles use. As for English SLI children, French SLI children were delayed in their acquisition of verbs. However, the differences in the syntactic structure of English and French ruled out a syntactic explanation of the deficit. Phonetic problems seem to decrease with age, so they cannot be the only explanation behind the difficulties of SLI children, which probably involve cognitive problems such as processing limitations. 相似文献
92.
We propose that women's increased generalized sensitivity to rewards during the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle causes them to seek more variety in rewards when they are in the fertile phase than when they are not in the fertile phase of the cycle. In Studies 1–3, across the reward domains of mating and hedonic food, we show that women seek more variety in rewards when closer to ovulation. Moreover, we provide support for the proposition that women's increased reward sensitivity during the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle causes their greater variety seeking. Specifically, in Study 3, we show that fertile women's greater variety seeking does not extend to non-rewards, such as non-hedonic food. Our findings suggest that behavioral effects of women's hormonal shifts during the menstrual cycle are not limited to the mating domain and may extend to a wide category of reward domains. 相似文献
93.
Hugo Mercier Emmanuel Trouche Hiroshi Yama Christophe Heintz Vittorio Girotto 《Thinking & reasoning》2013,19(3):341-355
Many fields of study have shown that group discussion generally improves reasoning performance for a wide range of tasks. This article shows that most of the population, including specialists, does not expect group discussion to be as beneficial as it is. Six studies asked participants to solve a standard reasoning problem—the Wason selection task—and to estimate the performance of individuals working alone and in groups. We tested samples of U.S., Indian, and Japanese participants, European managers, and psychologists of reasoning. Every sample underestimated the improvement yielded by group discussion. They did so even after they had been explained the correct answer, or after they had had to solve the problem in groups. These mistaken intuitions could prevent individuals from making the best of institutions that rely on group discussion, from collaborative learning and work teams to deliberative assemblies. 相似文献
94.
Alexandre J. S. Morin Christophe Maïano Herbert W. Marsh Michel Janosz Benjamin Nagengast 《Multivariate behavioral research》2013,48(2):157-201
Suppose PI and P2 are two competing discrimination procedures. 1Co com-, its are pare the relative discriminatory power of both procedures, test statistics are suggested for the hypothesis that Pl and P2 performed no better than, random assignment versus the alternative that P1 did significantly better than Pe. 相似文献
95.
According to a well-known theorem in psychophysics (Green & Swets, 1966), the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) for the yes—no paradigm equals the proportion of correct responses of an unbiased observer in the two-interval, two-alternative, forced choice paradigm (2I2AFC). Here, we demonstrate a similar relationship between the ROC area in the two-interval same—different (AX or 2IAX) paradigm, and the proportion correct in the four-interval same—different (4IAX, also known as dual-pair comparison) paradigm. The theorem demonstrated here is general, in the sense that it does not require that the sensory observations have a specific distribution (e.g., Gaussian), or that they be statistically independent. 相似文献
96.
Active tuberculosis detection by pouched rats in 2014: More than 2,000 new patients found in two countries 下载免费PDF全文
Alan Poling Emilio Valverde Negussie Beyene Christiaan Mulder Christophe Cox Georgies Mgode Timothy L. Edwards 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2017,50(1):165-169
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major problem in poor countries because sensitive diagnostic tools are unavailable. In 2014, our pouched rats evaluated sputum from 21,600 Tanzanians and 9,048 Mozambicans whose sputum had previously been evaluated by microscopy, the standard diagnostic for TB. Evaluation by the rats revealed 1,412 new patients with active TB in Tanzania and 645 new patients in Mozambique, increases of 39% and 53%, respectively, when compared to detections by microscopy alone. These results provide further support for the applied use of scent‐detecting rats. 相似文献
97.
Guillaume R. Coudevylle Christophe Gernigon Kathleen A. Martin Ginis 《Psychology of sport and exercise》2011,12(6):670-675
Objectives
The purpose of the present study was to examine the mediational role of self-confidence and anxiety in the relationship between self-esteem and claimed self-handicapping in an achievement context.Design
To test this mediational role, the three-step procedure advocated by Baron and Kenny (1986) was used.Method
After hearing and reading about specific conditions of performing that were intended to favor invoking excuses for future poor performance, 68 competitive basketball players completed measures of self-esteem, anxiety (cognitive and somatic), self-confidence, and claimed self-handicapping. Then, they warmed-up and carried out a basketball task.Results
Self-esteem negatively predicted cognitive anxiety and positively predicted self-confidence. In turn, self-confidence negatively predicted claimed self-handicapping and mediated the relationship between self-esteem and claimed self-handicapping. Cognitive and somatic anxieties did not mediate the relationship between self-esteem and claimed self-handicapping. Together, these results suggest that individuals with low self-esteem use more claimed self-handicaps because they have lower self-confidence.Conclusion
These findings shed light on the psychological processes that lead people with low self-esteem to use strategies of claimed self-handicaps. 相似文献98.
Jean Christophe Meunier Isabelle RoskamMarie Stievenart Gaëlle van de MoorteleDillon T. Browne Aarti Kumar 《Journal of applied developmental psychology》2011,32(1):20
Based on longitudinal multilevel modeling and using a multi-informant strategy, this study examines trajectories of externalizing problem behavior (EPB) in childhood as predicted by parental behavior (absolute level of parenting [ALP] and parental differential treatment [PDT]), parental self-efficacy (PSE), child personality and sibling relationships. Besides main effects, several interactions were tested. The effects of changes in parenting on changes in EPB were also examined. A total of 119 families from the French-speaking area of Belgium rearing a child (3- to 5-year-olds at the onset of the study) referred for EPB were studied. The effects of both level-of and changes-in mothers' ALP were partially confirmed, but for fathers, only ALP was predictive. There were some significant interactions between ALP and PDT for both parents. Mothers' PSE explained some variance in EPB, additional to that explained by the parenting measures. Some parenting by personality and by sibling relationship interactions were found. 相似文献
99.
In this article, we apply a special case of holographic representations to letter position coding. We translate different well-known schemes into this format, which uses distributed representations and supports constituent structure. We show that in addition to these brain-like characteristics, performances on a standard benchmark of behavioral effects are improved in the holographic format relative to the standard localist one. This notably occurs because of emerging properties in holographic codes, like transposition and edge effects, for which we give formal demonstrations. Finally, we outline the limits of the approach as well as its possible future extensions. 相似文献
100.
Christophe Maïano Grgory Ninot Yannick Stephan Alexandre J. S. Morin Jean‐Franois Florent Philippe Valle 《International journal of psychology》2006,41(2):73-84
The objectives of this exploratory study were to examine gender differences in physical self‐concept, and the influence of geographic place of residence on both adolescents' physical self‐concept and gender differences in physical self‐concept. The Physical Self Inventory was used to measure physical self‐perceptions and global self‐esteem. Participants were 323 boys and 282 girls living in the North or South of France. First a Mann‐Whitney U test was used to assess gender differences and the influence of geographic region differences on physical self‐perceptions (physical self‐worth, physical condition, sport competence, attractive body, physical strength) and global self‐esteem. Then a Kruskal‐Wallis ANOVA for ranked data was used to assess geographic region influence on boys' and girls' physical self‐concept and global self‐esteem. The results showed that not only did boys have significantly higher physical self scores (on all scales) and global self‐esteem than girls, but also that adolescents from the North of France had higher physical self scores (on all scales) and global self‐esteem than adolescents from the South. Moreover, many differences were found between boys and girls on physical self scores (on all scales) and global self‐esteem according to their geographic place of residence. The main results showed that girls from the South had lower scores on the attractive body, physical strength, physical self‐worth, and global self‐esteem scales than all other adolescents, and that boys from the South had lower scores on the attractive body and global self‐esteem scales than did boys and girls from the North. 相似文献