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481.
Guidelines for Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) or research ethics committees exist at national and international levels.
These guidelines are based on ethical principles and establish an internationally acceptable standard for the review and conduct
of medical research. Having attained a multinational consensus about what these fundamental guidelines should be, IRBs are
left to interpret the guidelines and devise their own means of implementing them. Individual and community values bear on
the interpretation of the guidelines so different IRBs attain different levels of effectiveness. In the Caribbean and Pan
American regions there are few IRBs. Obstacles to the establishment and function of IRBs are exacerbated in developing regions
like these by differences in language, literacy, and local value systems; education, administrative expertise, facilities,
and access to information are also limited. A regional IRB network might facilitate more uniform ethical review in developing
countries, and simplify IRB procedures.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
482.
483.
M.V. Cox 《Journal of experimental child psychology》1978,26(3):551-554
Previous research suggests that young children do not attempt to represent depth relationships between objects in their drawings. The present study, however, showed that when both objects are visible and the children's attention is drawn to the depth relationship between them, most 5-, 6-, and 7-year-olds do attempt to portray this relationship. 相似文献
484.
485.
Managed health care regulations affect the manner in which counselors provide and deliver services. Counselors are challenged by ethical and legal dilemmas when diagnostic codes in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2000) are not honored for insurance reimbursement. In this article, the authors examine violations of codes of ethics and legal statutes and the consequences related to intentional misdiagnosis of mental disorders for reimbursement. They explore implications for counselors and offer suggestions for professional conduct. 相似文献
486.
487.
This paper examines the automatic processing of the numerical magnitude of two-digit Arabic numbers using a Stroop-like task in school-aged children. Second, third, and fourth graders performed physical size judgments on pairs of two-digit numbers varying on both physical and numerical dimensions. To investigate the importance of synchrony between the speed of processing of the numerical magnitude and the physical dimensions on the size congruity effect (SCE), we used masked priming: numerical magnitude was subliminally primed in half of the trials, while neutral priming was used in the other half. The results indicate a SCE in physical judgments, providing the evidence of automatic access to the magnitude of two-digit numbers in children. This effect was modulated by the priming type, as a SCE only appeared when the numerical magnitude was primed. This suggests that young children needed a relative synchronization of numerical and physical dimensions to access the magnitude of two-digit numbers automatically. 相似文献
488.
Animals often use acoustic signals to communicate in groups or social aggregations in which multiple individuals signal within a receiver's hearing range. Consequently, receivers face challenges related to acoustic interference and auditory masking that are not unlike the human cocktail party problem, which refers to the problem of perceiving speech in noisy social settings. Understanding the sensory solutions to the cocktail party problem has been a goal of research on human hearing and speech communication for several decades. Despite a general interest in acoustic signaling in groups, animal behaviorists have devoted comparatively less attention toward understanding how animals solve problems equivalent to the human cocktail party problem. After illustrating how humans and nonhuman animals experience and overcome similar perceptual challenges in cocktail-party-like social environments, this article reviews previous psychophysical and physiological studies of humans and nonhuman animals to describe how the cocktail party problem can be solved. This review also outlines several basic and applied benefits that could result from studies of the cocktail party problem in the context of animal acoustic communication. 相似文献
489.
John M. Laux Paula J. Dupuy Jeffry L. Moe Jane A. Cox Eric Lambert Lois A. Ventura Celia Williamson Barbaranne J. Benjamin 《Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling》2008,29(1):36-48
The authors assessed the substance abuse counseling needs of women in the criminal justice system using interviews (n = 304) and surveys (n = 1,170). On the basis of the results, the authors call for gender‐specific treatment as well as family‐oriented support for women who are mothers. 相似文献
490.
Functional MRI of young adults has implicated the striatum in the processing of rewarding and punishing events. To date, only
two published experiments (Samanez-Larkin et al., 2007; Schott et al., 2007) have explored similar phenomena in older adults,
with both studies emphasizing the anticipation of monetary outcomes. To better understand older participants’ striatal responses
to delivered outcomes, we engaged 20 older adults and 13 younger adults in a card-guessing task that rewarded correct guesses
with monetary gain and punished incorrect guesses with monetary loss. Overall, the older adults retained most of the typical
features of the striatal response, so that activity in the caudate head showed reliable differentiation between rewards and
punishments during the 6- to 9-sec postoutcome window. Comparison of the older and younger adults also pointed to some potential
aging effects on outcome activity, including reductions in the magnitude and extent of striatal activation, and a trend for
the older adults to show a decreased early punishment response. In sum, our data suggest that the signaling of outcome valence
remains relatively stable into late adulthood, although more research is needed to understand some subtle changes that might
occur across the life span. 相似文献