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141.
Christoph Hoerl 《Philosophical Studies》2011,152(2):167-179
The main focus of this paper is the question as to what it is for an individual to think of her environment in terms of a
concept of causation, or causal concepts, in contrast to some more primitive ways in which an individual might pick out or
register what are in fact causal phenomena. I show how versions of this question arise in the context of two strands of work
on causation, represented by Elizabeth Anscombe and Christopher Hitchcock, respectively. I then describe a central type of
reasoning that, I suggest, a subject has to be able to engage in, if we are to credit her with causal concepts. I also point
out that this type of reasoning turns on the idea of a physical connection between cause and effect, as articulated in recent
singularist approaches of causation. 相似文献
142.
Two experimental studies were used to investigate how interacting with aggressive virtual characters in video games affects trust and cooperation of players. Study 1 demonstrates that experiencing virtual aggression from a victim's perspective can impair players' investments in a subsequent common goods dilemma situation. This effect is mediated by reduced expectations of trust in the cooperativeness of interaction partners. In Study 2 the same effect was replicated by using a different cooperation task and by investigating the moderating role of justice sensitivity from a victim's perspective as a dispositional factor. Participants transferred less money to an unknown partner in a trust game after exposure to aggressive nonplayer characters in a video game. This effect was stronger for people high in victim sensitivity. Results of both studies can be interpreted in line with the sensitivity to mean intentions model and add to the body of research on violent media effects. 相似文献
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145.
Andreas Voss Jochen Voss Karl Christoph Klauer 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2010,63(3):539-555
Diffusion model data analysis permits the disentangling of different processes underlying the effects of experimental manipulations. Estimates can be provided for the speed of information accumulation, for the amount of information used to draw conclusions, and for a decision bias. One parameter describes the duration of non‐decisional processes including the duration of motor‐response execution. In the default diffusion model, it is implicitly assumed that both responses are executed with the same speed. In some applications of the diffusion model, this assumption will be violated. This will lead to biased parameter estimates. Consequently, we suggest accounting explicitly for differences in the speed of response execution for both responses. Results from a simulation study illustrate that parameter estimates from the default model are biased if the speed of response execution differs between responses. A second simulation study shows that large trial numbers (N>1,000) are needed to detect whether differences in response‐execution times are based on different execution times. 相似文献
146.
Previous research has repeatedly found that people suffering from some clinical disorders (e.g., bulimia nervosa, depression) possess low explicit (i.e., conscious, deliberate) self-esteem while at the same time displaying high implicit (i.e., unconscious, automatic) self-esteem. This phenomenon has been termed damaged self-esteem and was proposed to be an indicator of psychological distress. Although Internet addiction has been found to be associated with low levels of explicit self-esteem, as well as with high levels of psychological distress, its relation to implicit self-esteem has, to our knowledge, not been investigated thus far. We therefore hypothesized that the phenomenon of damaged self-esteem could also be found amongst people suffering from Internet addiction, and conducted two studies using the Initial Preference Task as a measure of implicit self-esteem. As expected, we found that individuals scoring high on Internet addiction possess low explicit and high implicit self-esteem. This effect was, however, only found for the first name initial of the Initial Preference Task, leading to the conclusion that first and last name initials might tap into different parts of implicit self-esteem. 相似文献
147.
Karl Christoph Klauer 《Psychometrika》2006,71(1):7-31
Multinomial processing tree models are widely used in many areas of psychology. Their application relies on the assumption
of parameter homogeneity, that is, on the assumption that participants do not differ in their parameter values. Tests for
parameter homogeneity are proposed that can be routinely used as part of multinomial model analyses to defend the assumption.
If parameter homogeneity is found to be violated, a new family of models, termed latent-class multinomial processing tree
models, can be applied that accommodates parameter heterogeneity and correlated parameters, yet preserves most of the advantages
of the traditional multinomial method. Estimation, goodness-of-fit tests, and tests of other hypotheses of interest are considered
for the new family of models.
The author thanks Bill Batchelder, Edgar Erdfelder, Thorsten Meiser, and Christoph Stahl for helpful comments on a previous
version of this paper. The author is also grateful to Edgar Erdfelder for making available the data set analyzed in this paper. 相似文献
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149.
Stefan Czoschke Cora Fischer Julia Beitner Jochen Kaiser Christoph Bledowski 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2019,110(2):256-267
Stimulus representations in working memory depend on memory traces of past stimuli both from previous trials and from the current trial. However, it is unclear whether the same or different mechanisms underlie this serial dependence across and within trials. We directly contrasted estimates of bias for pairs of immediately successive stimuli across and within trials. In each trial, participants memorized two consecutive motion direction stimuli (S1 and S2) and after a short delay were cued to report one of them. We found serial dependence across trials: The current S1 was attracted towards the preceding S2 when the latter had been cued for report. In contrast, within the same trial S2 was repulsed from S1. In addition, repulsion within a trial occurred for a broader range of motion direction differences between stimuli than attraction across trials. A second experiment in which 25% of trials did not require a response demonstrated that across‐trial attraction did not depend on whether the previous S2 actually had to be reported. Our findings provide evidence for two types of serial dependence operating across and within trials. They support the notion of different mechanisms integrating or segregating current from similar past memory contents depending on their task relevance. 相似文献
150.
Psychometrika - Researchers often use regressions with a logarithmic link function to evaluate the effects of a treatment on a count variable. In order to judge the average effectiveness of the... 相似文献