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321.
Lorena R.R. Gianotti Daria Knoch Pascal L. Faber Dietrich Lehmann Roberto D. Pascual-Marqui Christa Diezi Cornelia Schoch Christoph Eisenegger Ernst Fehr 《Psychological science》2009,20(1):33-38
ABSTRACT— Human risk taking is characterized by a large amount of individual heterogeneity. In this study, we applied resting-state electroencephalography, which captures stable individual differences in neural activity, before subjects performed a risk-taking task. Using a source-localization technique, we found that the baseline cortical activity in the right prefrontal cortex predicts individual risk-taking behavior. Individuals with higher baseline cortical activity in this brain area display more risk aversion than do other individuals. This finding demonstrates that neural characteristics that are stable over time can predict a highly complex behavior such as risk-taking behavior and furthermore suggests that hypoactivity in the right prefrontal cortex might serve as a dispositional indicator of lower regulatory abilities, which is expressed in greater risk-taking behavior. 相似文献
322.
Dipl.-Psych. Lutz Wartberg Peter-Michael Sack Edelhard Thoms Christoph Möller Martin Stolle Rainer Thomasius 《Psychotherapeut》2009,54(3):193-198
This study examines post-treatment outcomes (6 and 12 months post-release) of a multimodal child and adolescent psychiatric and psychotherapeutic inpatient treatment program for boys and girls diagnosed with substance use disorders (n=71) in 2 centres. Up to now there has been a lack of outcome research in this field in Germany. Outcome measures included drug use patterns and psychopathology. The greatest reductions in prevalence at 1 year follow-up occurred for cannabis, methamphetamine, cocaine and heroin use. Additionally the patients and their parents also reported significant improvements in adolescent’s psychopathology at the 1 year follow-up. The results underline the importance of disorder-specific, multimodal inpatient programs for the treatment of children and adolescents with substance use disorders. 相似文献
323.
Karen Gonsalkorale William von Hippel Karl Christoph Klauer 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2009,45(1):161-166
Previous research suggests that automatically activated bias manifests itself in behavior that can jeopardize the quality of intergroup interactions. However, regulation of automatic associations has the potential to attenuate their influence on intergroup interaction. To test this possibility, 46 non-Muslim White participants interacted with a Muslim confederate and completed an implicit measure of attitudes toward Muslims. The Quadruple Process model [Sherman, J. W., Gawronski, B., Gonsalkorale, K., Hugenberg, K., Allen, T. J., & Groom, C. J. (2008). The self-regulation of automatic associations and behavioral impulses. Psychological Review, 115, 314-335] was applied to the implicit measure to estimate participants’ strength of negative associations with Muslims and their ability to overcome those negative associations. The confederate’s ratings of how much he liked the participants were predicted by an interaction between automatic negative associations and the ability to overcome them. Specifically, when the strength of participants’ negative associations with Muslims was low, participants’ level of overcoming bias was unrelated to the confederate’s ratings. In contrast, the ability to regulate automatic negative associations predicted greater liking when those associations were strong. 相似文献
324.
Effectance and control as determinants of video game enjoyment. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This article explores video game enjoyment originated by games' key characteristic, interactivity. An online experiment (N=500) tested experiences of effectance (perceived influence on the game world) and of being in control as mechanisms that link interactivity to enjoyment. A video game was manipulated to either allow normal play, reduce perceived effectance, or reduce perceived control. Enjoyment ratings suggest that effectance is an important factor in video game enjoyment but that the relationship between control of the game situation and enjoyment is more complex. 相似文献
325.
Forstmann BU Ridderinkhof KR Kaiser J Bledowski C 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2007,7(4):286-296
A tool that is commonly used to investigate selection among different alternatives in a changing environment is the task-switching
paradigm. Functional neuroimaging has pointed out a role for the posterior medial frontal cortex and the posterior parietal
cortex in the voluntary selection of task sets. In the present study, we set out to investigate the temporal dynamics of these
agency-related processes (in task choice vs. no-choice conditions) using event-related brain potentials (ERPs). The results
revealed agency-related modulations of a series of ERP components, including (1) an early parieto-occipital activation, taken
to reflect the evaluation of choice versus no choice; (2) a subsequent medial frontal expression of the voluntary selection
between task sets; (3) a CNV-like sustained negativity in preparation for the target; (4) a target-induced N210—P210 complex,
taken to reflect early sensory-perceptual processing; and (5) a target-induced P3, associated with the evaluation of the stimulus
and its designated response vis-à-vis the chosen versus competing task sets. Together, these results indicate that the opportunity
to choose between tasks invokes activity originating from the medial frontal cortex, associated with voluntary task set selection,
but also activation at different time points in a number of other brain areas, not necessarily captured by functional neuroimaging. 相似文献
326.
Latent-class hierarchical multinomial models are an important extension of the widely used family of multinomial processing
tree models, in that they allow for testing the parameter homogeneity assumption and provide a framework for modeling parameter
heterogeneity. In this article, the computer program HMMTree is introduced as a means of implementing latent-class hierarchical
multinomial processing tree models. HMMTree computes parameter estimates, confidence intervals, and goodness-of-fit statistics
for such models, as well as the Fisher information, expected category means and variances, and posterior probabilities for
class membership. A brief guide to using the program is provided. 相似文献
327.
Klauer KC Voss A Schmitz F Teige-Mocigemba S 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2007,93(3):353-368
The authors present a diffusion-model analysis of the Implicit Association Test (IAT). In Study 1, the IAT effect was decomposed into 3 dissociable components: Relative to the compatible phase, (a) ease and speed of information accumulation are lowered in the incompatible phase, (b) more cautious speed-accuracy settings are adopted, and (c) nondecision components of processing require more time. Studies 2 and 3 assessed the nature of interindividual differences in these components. Construct-specific variance in the IAT relating to the construct to be measured (such as implicit attitudes) was concentrated in the compatibility effect on information accumulation (Studies 2 and 3), whereas systematic method variance in the IAT was mapped on differential speed-accuracy settings (Study 3). Implications of these dissociations for process theories of the IAT and for applications are discussed. 相似文献
328.
329.
330.
Christoph von Castell Heiko Hecht Daniel Oberfeld 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2017,70(3):516-532
When judging interior space, a dark ceiling is judged to be lower than a light ceiling. The method of metric judgments (e.g., on a centimetre scale) that has typically been used in such tasks may reflect a genuine perceptual effect or it may reflect a cognitively mediated impression. We employed a height-matching method in which perceived ceiling height had to be matched with an adjustable pillar, thus obtaining psychometric functions that allowed for an estimation of the point of subjective equality (PSE) and the difference limen (DL). The height-matching method developed in this paper allows for a direct visual match and does not require metric judgment. It has the added advantage of providing superior precision. Experiment 1 used ceiling heights between 2.90?m and 3.00?m. The PSE proved sensitive to slight changes in perceived ceiling height. The DL was about 3% of the physical ceiling height. Experiment 2 found similar results for lower (2.30?m to 2.50?m) and higher (3.30?m to 3.50?m) ceilings. In Experiment 3, we additionally varied ceiling lightness (light grey vs. dark grey). The height matches showed that the light ceiling appeared significantly higher than the darker ceiling. We therefore attribute the influence of ceiling lightness on perceived ceiling height to a direct perceptual rather than a cognitive effect. 相似文献