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401.
Christoph Rehmann-Sutter 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2011,32(10A):17-19
解释了在进入参与生物库的门户时参与者的角色。三项实证研究对生物库参与者在生物库知情同意程序的观点进行了审慎评估和讨论。这些研究表明,对知情同意伦理要求方面,参与者的观点是带有广泛不同见解的异质组而不是同质组;需要理解在招募中捐赠者的实际情境和在这些情境下他们的感觉;许多参与者可能并不按知情同意概念所期待的方式理解参与行为;知情同意的程序对很多人而言仍然是很重要的,其灵活性也证明可以满足那些非正统的参与者的某些期望。提出通过全新的视角审视患者参与的伦理学。 相似文献
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Three visual habituation studies using abstract animations tested the claim that infants' attachment behavior in the Strange Situation procedure corresponds to their expectations about caregiver-infant interactions. Three unique patterns of expectations were revealed. Securely attached infants expected infants to seek comfort from caregivers and expected caregivers to provide comfort. Insecure-resistant infants not only expected infants to seek comfort from caregivers but also expected caregivers to withhold comfort. Insecure-avoidant infants expected infants to avoid seeking comfort from caregivers and expected caregivers to withhold comfort. These data support Bowlby's (1958) original claims-that infants form internal working models of attachment that are expressed in infants' own behavior. 相似文献
405.
Christoph Lumer 《Argumentation》2010,24(1):41-69
This contribution discusses some problems of Pragma-Dialectics and explains them by its consensualistic view of the function
of argumentation and by its philosophical underpinnings. It is suggested that these problems can be overcome by relying on
a better epistemology and on an epistemological theory of argumentation. On the one hand Pragma-Dialectics takes unqualified
consensus as the aim of argumentation, which is problematic, (Sect. 2) on the other it includes strong epistemological and rationalistic elements (Sect. 3). The problematic philosophical underpinnings of Pragma-Dialectics, specifically Critical Rationalism as well as Logical
Constructivism and Dialogic Logic of the Erlangen School, are among the sources of this incoherence (Sect. 4). A detailed critique of the Pragma-Dialectical discussion rules shows the negative consequences of this foundation and indicates
how they could be avoided (Sects. 5, 6). 相似文献
406.
Andreas Hergovich Reinhard Schott Christoph Burger 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2010,29(3):188-209
The present paper investigated whether academic psychologists show a tendency to rate the quality and appropriateness of scientific
studies more favorably when results and conclusions are consistent with their own prior beliefs (i.e., confirmation bias).
In an online experiment, 711 psychologists completed a questionnaire (e.g., about their belief in astrology) and evaluated
research that was presented in form of a short abstract in which 40 different behaviors (e.g., alcohol consumption, willingness
to share money) have been tried to be predicted. The research to be evaluated varied on three dimensions which were all manipulated
between subjects: (1) the predictors of the 40 behaviors (either Big Five or astrological factors), (2) the methodological
quality of the study (low, medium, high), and (3) the results and subsequent conclusion of the study (confirmation or disconfirmation
of the hypotheses). Factor-analyzed scores of participants’ ratings on 8 scales, resulting in 2 factors termed quality and
appropriateness, served as dependent measures. The main result of the study is a two-way interaction: Psychologists tended
to evaluate results qualitatively higher when they conformed to their own prior expectations, as in this case, when astrological
hypotheses were disconfirmed. 相似文献
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Petra Jansen Jennifer Lehmann Christoph Tafelmeier 《The Journal of genetic psychology》2018,179(1):30-39
It was the main goal of this study to investigate the motor and visual-spatial development in primary school-aged children in Cameroon and Germany. Thirty-four children from each country completed a motor test and a mental rotation test. It was found that children in Cameroon showed a better motor ability (better overall gross motor score and also on most single items) than children in Germany did. This can be explained by the early motor stimulation in infancy in Cameroon. Concerning mental rotation performance, Cameroonian children perform below chance level. A positive correlation between the overall motor ability and mental rotation performance could only be analyzed and conducted in the German sample. Therefore, this study emphasizes the need for the development of culture-fair cognitive tests. 相似文献