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991.
Leading models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) implicate thought suppression as a key factor in the escalation and persistence of the disorder. This experiment examined the effects of suppression on the frequency of obsessional thoughts in 50 individuals with a primary diagnosis of OCD, and also investigated the effects of participants' appraisals regarding their failures in thought control on distress about intrusive thoughts and on mood. Participants' most upsetting obsessional thought was primed and they then monitored its occurrence over two 4-min intervals. In the first interval, half of the participants were instructed to suppress their obsessional thought and half were instructed not to suppress any thoughts. In the second interval, all participants were given the 'Do Not Suppress' instructions. Participants rated their suppression effort and discomfort over thought occurrences after each interval and recorded their appraisals of thought recurrences during the first interval. Mood state was then reassessed. No ironic effect of suppression on frequency was noted. However, negative appraisals of thought recurrences were associated with more discomfort over thought occurrences and more negative mood at Time 2. These findings suggest that interpretations regarding failures in thought control may be of central importance in understanding obsessional problems. 相似文献
992.
Childhood maltreatment has been linked to adult depressive disorders. However, few studies have examined mechanisms through which childhood maltreatment may contribute to adult depression. Thus, we examined the role of one potential mechanism of this relationship, maladaptive cognitions, in a recently traumatized sample. Participants were adult women who had been recently raped (n = 133) or physically assaulted (n = 73). We examined whether maladaptive self-and other-cognitions mediated relationships between childhood sexual, physical, and emotional abuse and current depression. Relationships between childhood sexual abuse and both current depression symptoms and diagnosis were mediated by maladaptive cognitions about self. Relationships between both childhood sexual abuse and childhood physical abuse and adult depressive symptoms were mediated by maladaptive cognitions about others. 相似文献
993.
994.
Evaluating Arguments Based on Toulmin’s Scheme 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Toulmin’s scheme for the layout of arguments (1958, The Uses of Argument, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge) represents an influential tool for the analysis of arguments. The scheme enriches
the traditional premises-conclusion model of arguments by distinguishing additional elements, like warrant, backing and rebuttal.
The present paper contains a formal elaboration of Toulmin’s scheme, and extends it with a treatment of the formal evaluation of Toulmin-style arguments, which Toulmin did not discuss at all. Arguments are evaluated in terms of a so-called dialectical
interpretation of their assumptions. In such an interpretation, an argument’s assumptions can be evaluated as defeated, e.g.,
when there is a defeating reason against the assumption. The present work builds on recent research on defeasible argumentation
(cf. e.g. the work of Pollock, Reiter, Loui, Vreeswijk, Prakken, Hage and Dung). More specifically, the author’s work on the
dialectical logic DEFLOG and the argumentation tool ARGUMED serve as starting points. 相似文献
995.
Cheever KH Jubilan B Dailey T Ehrhardt K Blumenstein R Morin CJ Lewis C 《Journal of religion and health》2005,44(1):67-80
This study aimed to identify the religious practices and beliefs of surgeons and the relationship between surgeons locus of control and religiosity. Thirty-five surgeons completed a survey that included items from the Duke University Religion Index, the Salesian Center Intrinsic Religiosity Scale for Clinicians, and Rotters Locus of Control Scale. Over 68% of sampled surgeons affirmed that their religious beliefs play a part in their practice, 47% attend religious services at least weekly, and 44% pray daily. There was no correlation between locus of control and religiosity. These results challenge the myth of the egocentric, agnostic surgeon. 相似文献
996.
This paper intents to analyze the influence of John Dewey’s ideas in the movement that defended the educationl renovation
in Brazil (named New School) at the end of the 1920s and in the 1930s. For this, it explains two trends of that movement:
the first is described by the metaphor of industrial or mechanical efficiency, whose emphasis was in the power derived from
the disciplinary idea of progress, which was embedded in the process of rationalization of the social relations submitted
by a factory model; the second, developed by influence of Dewey, is characterized by a project of democratization of society
and school that prevented the individual massification and the adoption of the rationalizing model inspired by the factory
without any criticism. When Dewey was put in the center of the debate on political, pedagogical and social goals of the Brazilian
New School, he was called to introduce a series of concepts that helped to find the balance between the respect for individuality
and the observation of the social needs.
This paper has some of the conclusions of a major research project, “Philosophy and Science in the New Educational Discourse
(Brazil: l930–1960),” sponsored by CNPq. 相似文献
997.
In a first stage of training, participants learned to associate four visual cues (two different colors and two different shapes)
with verbal labels. For Group S, one label was applied to both colors and another to both shapes; for Group D, one label was
applied to one color and one shape, and the other label to the other cues. When subsequently required to learn a task in which
a given motor response was required to one of the colors and one of the shapes, and a different response to the other color
and the other shape, Group D learned more readily than Group S. The task was designed so that the associations formed during
the first stage of training could not generate differential transfer to the second stage. The results are consistent, however,
with the proposal that training in which similar cues are followed by different outcomes will engage a learning process that
boosts the attention paid to features that distinguish these cues. 相似文献
998.
Temporal discounting rates in humans generally decrease as the amount of reward increases, a phenomenon known as themagnitude effect. In the present study, we examined whether temporal discounting and the magnitude effect are related to segregation of choices
in terms of gains or losses for waiting for or expediting receipt of a reward. Subjects (N = 24) responded to a series of
hypothetical choices about amounts of money available either immediately or after a delay. The immediate and delayed amounts
either were presented as integrated amounts in the baseline condition or were segregated as differential gains or losses for
choosing delayed or expedited consumption (delay and speedup conditions, respectively). Temporal discounting rates decreased
in the segregated conditions, in accord with the standard discounted utility model but contrary to the hypothesis that the
subjects were choosing on the basis of reward differentials in the baseline condition. The size of the magnitude effect was
comparable in the baseline and the delay conditions but decreased in the speed-up condition. These results challenge explanations
of the magnitude effect in terms of an increasing proportional sensitivity property of the utility function (Loewenstein &
Prelec, 1992) and the hypothesis that subjects choose on the basis of differentials even when the rewards are presented as
integrated amounts. 相似文献
999.
We describe WebDiP (Web Decision Processes)—an open-source, online tool—which enables a researcher to track
participants while they search for information in a database, available through the Internet. After various instructions on
setup and configuration are given, a detailed view of WebDiP explains the system’s technical features. Furthermore, other
open-source tools are mentioned that helped in programming WebDiP, running it, or analyzing data gathered with it. We present
new approaches of how open-source thinking can be incorporated into a research process and discuss future perspectives of
WebDiP. 相似文献
1000.
The present study examined the relationship between the predictability of words within a sentence and the availability of
parafoveal word length information, on when and where the eyes move in reading. Predictability influenced first-pass reading
times when parafoveal word length preview information was correct, but not when it was incorrect. Similarly, for saccades
launched from near the target word (wordn), predictability influenced the probability with which it was skipped only when the word length preview was correct. By contrast,
for saccades launched farther away from wordn, predictability influenced word skipping regardless of the parafoveal word length preview. Taken together, the data suggest
that parafoveal word length preview and predictability can act as a joint constraint on the decision of when and where to
move the eyes. 相似文献