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991.
Katherine Guérard Ian Neath Aimée M. Surprenant Sébastien Tremblay 《Memory & cognition》2010,38(1):83-91
Several studies have shown that recall performance depends on the extent to which an item differs from other items in a sequence
(the distinctiveness effect; see, e.g., Kelley & Nairne, 2001). Distinctiveness effects, however, have been demonstrated mainly
in the verbal domain. The present study extends distinctiveness effects to the spatial domain. In two experiments, participants
recalled the order in which series of spatially located dots had been presented. Item discriminability was varied within the
sequence by manipulating the duration of the interval inserted between the presentation of the dots (Experiment 1) and the
perceptual characteristics of the stimuli (Experiment 2). The results showed that these manipulations in the spatial domain
produce distinctiveness effects similar to those observed with verbal material (see, e.g., Neath & Crowder, 1990) and suggest
that distinctiveness models of memory should take into account the processing of spatial information. 相似文献
992.
Chihak BJ Plumert JM Ziemer CJ Babu S Grechkin T Cremer JF Kearney JK 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2010,36(6):1535-1552
Two experiments examined how 10- and 12-year-old children and adults intercept moving gaps while bicycling in an immersive virtual environment. Participants rode an actual bicycle along a virtual roadway. At 12 test intersections, participants attempted to pass through a gap between 2 moving, car-sized blocks without stopping. The blocks were timed such that it was sometimes necessary for participants to adjust their speed in order to pass through the gap. We manipulated available visual information by presenting the target blocks in isolation in Experiment 1 and in streams of blocks in Experiment 2. In both experiments, adults had more time to spare than did children. Both groups had more time to spare when they were required to slow down than when they were required to speed up. Participants' behavior revealed a multistage interception strategy that cannot be explained by the use of a monotonic control law such as the constant bearing angle strategy. The General Discussion section focuses on possible sources of changes in perception-action coupling over development and on task-specific constraints that could underlie the observed interception strategy. 相似文献
993.
Michelle M. Martel Molly Nikolas Katherine Jernigan Karen Friderici Joel T. Nigg 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(5):633-643
Personality traits may be viable candidates for mediators of the relationship between genetic risk and ADHD. Participants
were 578 children (331 boys; 320 children with ADHD) between the ages of six and 18. Parents and teachers completed a comprehensive,
multi-stage diagnostic procedure to assess ADHD and comorbid disorders. Mother completed the California Q-Sort to assess child
Big Five personality traits. Children provided buccal samples of DNA which were assayed for selected markers on DRD4, DAT1,
and ADRA2A. An additive genetic risk composite was associated with ADHD symptoms and maladaptive personality traits; maladaptive
personality traits were associated with ADHD symptoms. Low conscientiousness and high neuroticism partially mediated the relationship
between genetic risk and ADHD symptoms. Mediation effects for conscientiousness were specific to inattentive symptoms; effects
for neuroticism generalized to all disruptive behaviors. High neuroticism and low conscientiousness may be useful as early
markers for children at risk for ADHD. 相似文献
994.
Impulsivity in Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) has been defined as rapid and unplanned action. However, a preference for immediate gratification and discounting of delayed rewards might better account for the impulsive behaviors that appear to regulate emotional distress in BPD. To investigate this, a delay discounting task was administered to 30 outpatients diagnosed with BPD and 28 healthy community controls (all aged 15-24) before and after a mood induction. Trait impulsivity was measured with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. The results showed that the BPD group had a greater preference for immediate gratification and higher rate of discounting the delayed reward than the control group. Although the mood induction resulted in increased feelings of rejection and anger in all participants, and the rate of delay discounting changed significantly in the control group, the rate of discounting did not change for the BPD group. There was no evidence of rapid decision-making in the BPD group as response times were similar between the two groups during both trials. Finally, greater general impulsiveness and nonplanning impulsiveness were associated with greater rates of discounting in the BPD group. Together these findings suggest that BPD is characterized by a preference for immediate gratification and tendency to discount longer-term rewards. This characteristic appears to exist independent of feelings of rejection and anger, rather than being reactive to this, and to be related to trait impulsivity. 相似文献
995.
996.
David Stokes Rebecca Mathews Dr Brin F. S. Grenyer Katherine Crea 《Australian psychologist》2010,45(3):178-188
A detailed analysis of the different sectors of the psychology workforce was conducted as part of the National Psychology Workforce Survey: Independent Private Practice (IPP), Employed in Public Sector (EPuS) and Employed in Private Sector (EPrS). A total of 11,897 psychologists responded to the workforce survey, a response rate of 48%. Of these 8,086 were fully registered and currently working in a psychology role. Sectors were compared on a range of practice characteristics and differences were explored using a series of ANOVAs and post‐hoc analyses. Results of analyses revealed qualitative differences between the three sectors. Strategies for maintaining the employed workforce were also collected and are reported to be as much about increasing work satisfaction and support for professional and development opportunities as about salary. 相似文献
997.
Glyn W. Humphreys Eun Young Yoon Sanjay Kumar Vaia Lestou Keiko Kitadono Katherine L. Roberts M. Jane Riddoch 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2010,101(2):217-219
We discuss two commentaries that we have received on our target article (Humphreys et al., 2010). We elaborate on the evidence for action effects on extinction and discuss whether these effects occur pre or post the selection of a response. In addition, we discuss the neural basis of the effects of action relations on extinction and on the generalization of results on action relations to real‐world examples. 相似文献
998.
Julie Newman Kingery Cynthia A. Erdley Katherine C. Marshall Kyle G. Whitaker Tyson R. Reuter 《Clinical child and family psychology review》2010,13(1):91-128
Prior research indicates that both anxious youth and socially withdrawn youth tend to experience challenges and difficulties
in various aspects of their peer relationships and social functioning. While clinical psychology researchers have examined
how anxiety relates to peer experiences using normative and clinically anxious samples, developmental psychologists have focused
primarily on the peer experiences of shy and withdrawn children. Research from these two fields has progressed on related
yet separate paths, producing similar results despite using different terminology and assessment techniques. The purpose of
this review is to bring together the developmental and clinical bodies of literature on the peer experiences of anxious and
socially withdrawn youth by identifying common themes and unique contributions of each discipline. Studies reviewed focus
specifically on the peer constructs of acceptance, friendship, peer victimization, social skills, and social-cognitive processes.
Limitations including methodological inconsistencies and insufficient examination of age-, gender-, and ethnicity-related
issues are identified. Recommendations for future collaborations between developmental and clinical researchers as well as
implications for interventions targeting the peer relations of anxious and withdrawn youth are discussed. 相似文献
999.
Ann Dalzell Christine Bonsmann Deborah Erskine Maria Kefalogianni Katie Keogh Kalliopi Maniorou 《Counselling and Psychotherapy Research》2010,10(2):126-138
Aims: Drawing on their engagement in a specific collective biography research project, the co-authors aim to demonstrate how the weaving together of creative story-telling and the theory underlining collective biography practices resulted in an understanding of rhizomatic research methodologies from within the process. This paper aims to demonstrate one way in which research methodologies training can become more firmly embedded within counsellor training courses. Method: A collective of counselling students and a session tutor colleague used collective biography practices to research their memories of traversing the liminal space between ‘counsellor’ and ‘counselling researcher’. Alongside the resulting collective stories, a collaborative review of the research process examined our chosen ways of working within the project. Outcomes: Engaging in collective biography practices resulted in an experiential shift from ‘learning to do counselling research’ to ‘becoming counselling researchers’. Weaving together research processes and researcher reflexivity generated personal and professional learning. Ways in which these research methodologies complement core components of counselling training, within and beyond the teaching of research, were identified. Conclusions: Collective biography practices offer a way of introducing non-arboreal creative research methodologies into counsellor training. Careful consideration of potential challenges surrounding the introduction of these practices is required. 相似文献
1000.
Christine A. Burke 《Journal of child and family studies》2010,19(2):133-144
Interest in applications of mindfulness-based approaches with adults has grown rapidly in recent times, and there is an expanding research base that suggests these are efficacious approaches to promoting psychological health and well-being. Interest has spread to applications of mindfulness-based approaches with children and adolescents, yet the research is still in its infancy. I aim to provide a preliminary review of the current research base of mindfulness-based approaches with children and adolescents, focusing on MBSR/MBCT models, which place the regular practice of mindfulness meditation at the core of the intervention. Overall, the current research base provides support for the feasibility of mindfulness-based interventions with children and adolescents, however there is no generalized empirical evidence of the efficacy of these interventions. For the field to advance, I suggest that research needs to shift away from feasibility studies towards large, well-designed studies with robust methodologies, and adopt standardized formats for interventions, allowing for replication and comparison studies, to develop a firm research evidence base. 相似文献