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181.
Shepherd I. Franz was an important figure in psychology of the last century, and historians of psychology have given recognition
to much of his work. However, his experimental work with animals and his pioneer investigations in experimental and clinical
neuropsychology have been largely ignored. This article reviews his conceptual, assessment, and treatment contributions, including
(1) his pioneering work on the use of learned behavior as a baseline for the study of cerebral ablations, (2) his interest
in brain plasticity, (3) his development of comprehensive psychological assessment methods, and (4) his work on the rehabilitation
of neurological patients with techniques derived from his animal experiments. His work predated much of what is now part of
the conceptual substance of the experimental and clinical neurosciences. 相似文献
182.
The frequency of theta activity may be important for hippocampal function. Anxiolytic drugs reduce theta frequency and have behavioral effects that are similar to those of hippocampal lesions. The effect of the anxiolytic benzodiazepine chlordiazepoxide (CDP) on theta frequency is partially mediated by the medial supramammillary nucleus (mSuM), part of an ascending theta-activating system. Rats were trained on the hippocampal-sensitive fixed-interval 60-sec schedule (FI60). CDP (5 mg/kg i.p.) released responding suppressed by nonreward, seen as increased leverpressing, and reduced theta frequency concurrently. Microinfusion of CDP (20 μg in 0.5 μl saline) into mSuM had as large effects on both frequency and behavior. Other nuclei mediate the benzodiazepine reduction of theta frequency in the open field and the water maze. But the mSuM appears to be the major, if not sole, nucleus controlling theta frequency and, so, hippocampal-mediated behavioral inhibition in the FI60 lever task. 相似文献
183.
184.
Kevin?D.?BeckEmail author Francis?X.?Brennan Richard?J.?Servatius 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2002,37(2):128-139
In this study we assessed habituation and sensitization of the acoustic startle response (ASR) to discern whether intense,
inescapable stress affects nonassociative learning differently in male and female rats. Rats were inescapably stressed 2 hours
per day over 3 consecutive days. ASR magnitudes were measured at several times post-stress (1, 4, 8, and 15 days after cessation).
Females generally showed greater ASR magnitudes (compared to males), but both sexes exhibited short and long-term habituation
across the testing days. ASR magnitudes were only affected by stress in male subjects. The effect in males was an increase
in short-term sensitization of the ASR on post-stress day-4. The results suggest that stressed males and females react differently
to ASR testing, in that stress males appear to develop an exaggerated ASR response over repeated test sessions due to short-term
sensitization. The source of the short-term sensitization is discussed with regards to possible stress-induced enhanced contextual
learning during ASR testing on post-stress day-1. 相似文献
185.
van der Veer R 《Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences》2000,36(2):109-126
In this paper early work of the American rehabilitation psychologist Tamara Dembo (1902-1993) is brought to light. She was highly influenced by the concepts of Kurt Lewin's topological psychology, and she used the framework of topological psychology to analyze her investigations on animal behavior carried out with the Dutch zoopsychologist Frederik J. J. Buytendijk. These investigations have so far been ignored and are being described for the first time making use of archival materials. 相似文献
186.
Daniel Tr?hler 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2000,19(1):219-221
Biography
Notes on Contributors 相似文献187.
We examined whether the functionality of spatial relations affects the construction and memory of information in situation models. A functional relationship involves the interaction of entities that is implied by either typical use or contextual demands. Previous research has shown that spatial relations are less likely to be encoded during comprehension unless there is extensive prior knowledge, explicit instructions to attend to spatial information, or a clear emphasis on spatial information. If the construction of a situation model is guided by a need to understand the functional structure of a situation, then functional spatial relations should be more likely to be encoded. The results of our study showed that sentences with functional spatial relations were read faster and remembered better in both recall and recognition tests than sentences with nonfunctional spatial relations. 相似文献
188.
We examined the differential impact of chronic versus acute economic stress on depressive mood among a sample of 1241 low-income, single, European and African American women. Based on Hobfoll's (1988, 1989) conservation of resources (COR) theory, we predicted that acute resource loss would be more distressing than chronic economic lack. That is, although chronically impoverished conditions are stressful, the attendant resource losses created will be more distressing. We further predicted that mastery and social support would be more beneficial in offsetting the negative consequences of acute resource loss than the negative consequences of chronic economic lack, because acute loss creates identifiable demands that resources may address. Hence, we hypothesized that mastery and social support would show stress buffering effects only for material loss, not chronic lack. The findings generally supported the hypotheses, but mastery buffered only European American women's resource loss and social support buffered only African American women's resource loss. The findings are discussed in light of implications for prevention within theoretical and cultural contexts. 相似文献
189.
190.
Differential recall of central and peripheral details of emotional slides is not a stable phenomenon
A number of studies have reported that central information of an emotional scene is well retained, whereas peripheral details of such a scene are poorly recalled. Experiment 1 tested the hypothesis that attentional narrowing is responsible for this phenomenon. In addition, an attempt was made to increase the ecological validity of the experiment by giving extensive self-relevant instructions. Results showed that, although an emotional slide elicited eye-movements consistent with attentional narrowing, the corresponding recall patterns were absent. Experiments 2 and 3 explored some of the variables that might be responsible for the latter result. Experiment 2, relying on the original design of Christianson and E.F. Loftus (1991), found enhanced recall of central information of an emotional scene. Experiment 3 systematically varied stimulus exposure and interstimulus interval durations. However, the results of this experiment were rather complex and did not fully support the predicted differential recall patterns. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed. It is suggested that other methods (e.g. increasing levels of emotion rather than involvement) may be more suitable for testing the attentional narrowing hypothesis of emotional memory. 相似文献