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21.
Tina B. Lonsdorf Pernilla Juth Christin Rohde Martin Schalling Arne Öhman 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2014,14(1):354-363
Fundamental biases in affective information processing are modulated by individual differences in the emotional response to environmental stimuli that may be partly based on the individual’s genetic make-up. To extend prior dot probe studies on attention genetics, we used a visual-search paradigm (VSP) with pictures of angry and happy faces of both sexes as targets, neutral faces as distractors, and a varying set size. Participants were selected a priori depending on their 5-HTTLPR (s/s, s/l, l/l; on a constant rs25531 A-allele background) and COMTval158met (val/val, valmet, met/met) genotypes and were matched for sex and age. We demonstrate a bias towards angry male faces (as opposed to happy male faces) irrespective of 5-HTTLPR genotype in the first experimental block that was maintained during the second experimental block only in carriers of the s-allele, which implies differential habituation processes. While a bias towards angry male faces was observed irrespective of COMTval158met genotype, only individuals with the val/val genotype exhibited a bias towards a happy female face (as opposed to an angry female face). In sum, our results both replicate and extend prior findings in the field of attention genetics and add important pieces of information to the research on attentional biases in emotion processing. 相似文献
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Christopher Lopata Jennifer A. Toomey Jeffery D. Fox Martin A. Volker Sabrina Y. Chow Marcus L. Thomeer Gloria K. Lee Jonathan D. Rodgers Christin A. McDonald Audrey M. Smerbeck 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(6):765-776
The purpose of this study was to: (1) examine symptom levels of anxiety and depression in children with high-functioning autism
spectrum disorders (HFASDs) compared with matched control children using child self-reports and parent ratings; and (2) examine
source differences within the two condition groups. An overall multivariate effect indicated significantly elevated depression
and anxiety symptoms for children with HFASDs based on parent reports; however no significant between-group differences based
on child self-reports. Within-condition source comparisons (parent vs. child) revealed a significant multivariate effect indicating
a significant difference in symptoms of depression and anxiety for the HFASD group but none for the control. Correlations
between parent and child reports for the HFASD group suggested some positive association between child-reports and parent-reports
for depressive symptoms only; however, the difference in average scores reflected a substantial discrepancy in the magnitude
of symptoms by rater. Implications for clinical assessment and future research are provided. 相似文献
23.
William J. Friedman Ann‐Christin Cederborg Elin Hultman Olov Änghagen Karin Fälth Magnusson 《Applied cognitive psychology》2010,24(4):545-556
To learn about children's ability to estimate the duration of an event many days after it occurred, 6–12‐year‐old children were asked to judge the amount of time (range 5–45 minutes) they spent in the treatment room as part of a paediatric visit. Judgements were made 1 week or 1 month after the visit occurred. Children showed an average error of about 13 minutes. Retention interval did not significantly affect estimates. Other judgements of the length of the interview itself (mean length 8 minutes) provided what may be the first data on children's ability to make immediate retrospective duration estimates. The results also include information about children's capacity to judge how long ago they visited the clinic. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
24.
Adolescents with high mental toughness adapt better to perceived stress: A longitudinal study with Swiss vocational students 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Markus Gerber Serge Brand Anne Karina Feldmeth Christin Lang Catherine Elliot Edith Holsboer-Trachsler Uwe Pühse 《Personality and individual differences》2013
A mindset of mental toughness enables an individual to cope successfully with the pressures and demands of life. This 10-month study prospectively examined the association between mental toughness and stress resilience in 865 students (M = 17.86 years, 42.7% girls) from two vocational schools. Within each school, separate cluster analyses identified groups with different profiles of risk (assessed with perceived stress) and adaptation (operationalized with depressive symptoms and life satisfaction). Four clusters emerged characterizing students with well-adjusted (low risk, good adaptation), maladjusted (elevated risk, bad adaptation), deteriorated (low initial risk, worsening adaptation) and resilient profiles (elevated initial risk, improving adaptation). The latter two clusters reported similar levels of mental toughness at baseline, but resilient adolescents scored significantly higher on mental toughness at follow-up. After controlling for possible confounds, baseline toughness levels predicted depressive symptoms and life satisfaction over time. This study shows that mental toughness operates as a stress resilience resource. Mental toughness is, therefore a topic of interest for health specialists working with adolescent populations. 相似文献
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Are Asian cultures really less ageist than Western ones? It depends on the questions asked
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Christin‐Melanie Vauclair Katja Hanke Li‐Li Huang Dominic Abrams 《International journal of psychology》2017,52(2):136-144
Ageism is an increasing concern in ageing populations such as Asia and Europe. A prevalent assumption in psychology is that Eastern cultures may be less prone to ageism because of norms and values that honour and respect elders. Yet, evidence for this culture hypothesis is inconclusive. The current study examines this issue by comparing attitudes towards older people in an Eastern and Western samples of 184 young people from the UK and 249 from Taiwan. Attitudes to old age were measured both as meta‐perceptions (the perceived normative context) and personal attitudes in regard to the cognitive, affective and behavioural components of ageism. Consistent with the culture hypothesis, meta‐perceptions about competence and admiration were more positive in Taiwan than in the UK, yet other meta‐perceptions were more negative pointing to the existence of old age subtypes. Personal attitudes about older people in regard to the affective and behavioural, but not the cognitive component, were more negative in Taiwan than in the UK. Thus, cultural differences in ageism are more nuanced than suggested by previous research. The importance of distinguishing between the normative context and personal attitudes as well as the different components of ageism is highlighted by the present findings. 相似文献
27.
Brenner LA Breshears RE Betthauser LM Bellon KK Holman E Harwood JE Silverman MM Huggins J Nagamoto HT 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2011,18(2):116-128
Suicide and suicide attempts are significant issues for military, Veterans Affairs (VA), and civilian healthcare systems.
The lack of uniform terms related to self-directed violence (SDV) has inhibited epidemiological surveillance efforts, limited
the generalizability of empirical studies of suicide and non-lethal forms of SDV, and complicated the implementation of evidence-based
assessment and treatment strategies for individuals with suicidal thoughts and/or behaviors. The Department of Veterans Affairs
recently adopted the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) SDV Classification System (SDVCS). This paper describes
an implementation study of the SDVCS in two VA Medical Centers. The Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 19 Mental Illness
Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC) training program for the SDVCS, including the SDVCS Clinical Tool (CT), will
be discussed. Although preliminary data suggest that the CT and SDVCS are generally perceived as being acceptable and useful,
further work will likely be required to facilitate widespread adoption. Potential next steps in this process are presented. 相似文献
28.
Brenner LA Betthauser LM Homaifar BY Villarreal E Harwood JE Staves PJ Huggins JA 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2011,41(4):416-423
History of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been found to increase risk of suicidal behavior. The association between suicide attempt history among veterans with PTSD and/or TBI was explored. Cases (N = 81) and 2:1 matched controls (N = 160) were randomly selected from a Veterans Affairs Medical Center clinical database. PTSD history was associated with an increased risk for a suicide attempt (OR = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.5, 5.1). This increased risk was present for those with and without a history of TBI. Results support incorporating PTSD history when assessing suicide risk among veterans with and without TBI. 相似文献
29.
Loesch DZ Huggins RM Hagerman RJ 《Mental retardation and developmental disabilities research reviews》2004,10(1):31-41
Data on the relationships between cognitive and physical phenotypes, and a deficit of fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene-specific protein product, FMRP, are presented and discussed in context with earlier findings. The previously unpublished results obtained, using standard procedures of regression and correlations, showed highly significant associations in males between FMRP levels and the Wechsler summary and subtest scores and in females between these levels and the full-scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ), verbal and performance IQ, and some Wechsler subtest scores. The published results based on data from 144 extended families with fragile X, recruited from Australia and the United States within a collaborative NIH-supported project, were obtained using robust modification of maximum likelihood in pedigrees. The results indicated that processing speed, short-term memory, and the ability to control attention, especially in the context of regulating goal-directed behavior, may be primarily affected by the FMRP depletion. The effect of this depletion on physical phenotype was also demonstrated, especially on body and head height and extensibility of finger joints. It is recommended that further studies should rely on more accurate measures of FMRP levels, and use of larger samples, to overcome extensive variability in the data. 相似文献
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