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101.
Jelena?HollmannEmail author Julia?Gorges Elke?Wild 《Journal of child and family studies》2016,25(3):767-780
Communication between parents and their children represents an important factor of family socialization. Nevertheless, little is known about why parents communicate in different ways and how these qualitative differences in parent–child communication may affect the child. Building on self-determination theory, the present study focuses on motivational antecedents of need-supportive communication as a function of parental child-related beliefs (i.e., long-term goals that parents have set for their children’s future, and parental child-related behavior expectations in terms of parental dissatisfaction or satisfaction with child behavior). Moreover, the effect of perceived need-supportive communication on children’s prosocial behavior and (externalizing and internalizing) behavioral difficulties will be addressed. Three waves of data from 1125 mothers and adolescents aged between 10 and 17 years were analyzed using growth-curve modeling. We found linearly increasing trajectories in extrinsic parental goals for children and dissatisfaction with child behavior, and decreasing trajectories of need-supportive communication. Individual differences do not vary significantly over time. In addition, holding extrinsic parental goals for children positively predicts parents’ dissatisfaction with their child’s behavior and negatively predicts need-supportive communication. Parents’ dissatisfaction with their child’s behavior also contributes to decreasing need-supportive communication. As expected, need-supportive communication predicts prosocial behavior and externalizing behavioral difficulties. When need-supportive communication decreases over time, both externalizing and internalizing behavioral difficulties increase. Furthermore, the effect of mothers beliefs on adolescents socioemotional development was mediated through perceived mother’s communication quality. These results suggest that parental child-related beliefs are important motivational antecedents of parent–child communication that may prevent behavioral difficulties. 相似文献
102.
Anne?C.?FletcherEmail author Carol?A.?Johnston 《Journal of child and family studies》2016,25(10):3150-3159
Children (N = 404) provided data during 3rd and 4th grades concerning their mothers’ use of punitive discipline and yielding to coercion. Teachers provided data regarding their perceptions of children’s externalizing behaviors at school. We tested a cross-lagged model examining parental disciplinary behaviors as predictors of child externalizing behavior, as well as child externalizing behaviors as a predictor of parental disciplinary behaviors. For boys and for girls, there was over-time stability in all three variables of interest. For boys only, more externalizing behaviors in Grade 3 predicted greater use of punitive discipline by parents and more parental yielding to coercion in Grade 4, over and above Grade 3 levels of these parenting variables. The reverse direction of effects was not observed. 相似文献
103.
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105.
The purpose of this study is to see how feelings of anticipated support arise in church. Anticipated support refers to the belief that coreligionists will provide assistance in the future if the need arises. This model contains the following hypothesis: (1) people who affiliate with conservative Protestant congregations will be more deeply committed to their faith, (2) individuals who are more committed to their faith will attend church more frequently, (3) people who go to church more often will be more likely to occupy church service roles, (4) those who occupy church service roles will feel more highly valued by their coreligionists, (5) individuals who feel they are valued highly by fellow church members will receive more emotional support from them, and (6) people who receive more emotional support at church will have stronger anticipated support beliefs. Data from a nationwide survey of older Mexican Americans support these hypotheses. 相似文献
106.
E.?Paul?WileytoEmail author Janet?Audrain-Mcgovern Leonard?H.?Epstein Caryn?Lerman 《Behavior research methods》2004,36(1):41-51
The monetary choice questionnaire (MCQ) and similar computer tasks ask preference questions in order to ascertain indifference,
the perceived equivalence of immediate versus larger delayed rewards. Indifference data are then fitted with a hyperbolic
function, summarizing the decline in perceived value with delay time. We present a fitting method that estimates the hyperbolic
parameterk directly from survey responses. Binary preferences are modeled as a function of time (X2) and a transformed reward ratio (X
1), yielding logistic regression coefficients β2 and β1. The hyperbolic parameter emerges ask = β2/β1, where the logistic predictedp = .5 (the definition of indifference). The MCQ was administered to 1,073 adolescents and was scored using both standard and
logistic methods. The means for ln(k) were similar (standard, −4.53; logistic, −4.51), and the results were highly correlated (ρ = .973). Simulated MCQ data showed
thatk was unbiased, except where β1 ≥ −1, indicating a vague survey response. Jackknife standard errors provided excellent coverage. 相似文献
107.
We have developed an experimental platform that allows a large number of human participants to interact in real time within a common virtual world. Within this environment, human participants foraged for resources distributed in two spatially separated pools. In addition to varying the relative replenishment rate for the two pools (50-50, 65-35, or 80-20), we manipulated whether the participants could see each other and the entire resource distribution or had their vision restricted to resources at their own location. Two empirical deviations from an optimal distribution of the participants were found. First, the participants were more scattered within a resource pool than the resources were themselves. Second, there was systematic underutilization of the richer pool. For example, the participants distributed themselves 73% and 27% to resource pools that had replenishment rates of 80% and 20%, respectively. In addition, there were oscillations in the harvesting rate of the pools across time, revealed by a Fourier analysis with prominent power near 50 sec per cycle. The suboptimalities and oscillations were more apparent when the locations of the participants and the food were not visible. Individual participant knowledge thus affects the efficiency with which a population of participants harvests resources. 相似文献
108.
Fischer H Fransson P Wright CI Bäckman L 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2004,4(3):326-334
Blood-oxygenation-level-dependent signal was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging in 24 healthy young subjects
(12 men and 12 women) during viewing of angry, fearful, and neutral male and female face pictures. Exposure to angry male
as opposed to angry female faces activated the visual cortex and the anterior cingulate gyrus significantly more in men than
in women. A similar sex-differential brain activation pattern was present during exposure to fearful but not neutral faces.
Previous behavioral studies indicate enhanced physiological arousal in men but not in women during exposure to angry male
as opposed to female faces, and brain imaging studies have shown that the occipital cortex and the anterior cingulate gyrus
are influenced by activity in the autonomic nervous system as well as by visual attention. Hence, we suggest that the elevated
occipital and anterior cingulate activation in men during confrontation with other angry and fearful males may reflect enhanced
vigilance in a potentially dangerous situation. 相似文献
109.
Robert?G.?CookEmail author Alfred?I.?Geller Guo-Rong?Zhang Ram?Gowda 《Behavior research methods》2004,36(1):101-106
The efficiency of traditional levers and of modern touchscreen technology for training rats on a computerized visual discrimination
was studied in a series of observations. When compared with a lever-based discrimination procedure, the use of touchscreens
supported the faster development of signal tracking behavior and acquisition of a two-stimulus simultaneous visual discrimination.
It did not affect the final level of accuracy. Factors related to spatial proximity of the responses with the stimuli, sign-tracking,
and increased ease of touchscreen motor responses were suggested as possible reasons for the touchscreen training advantage.
This increased efficiency allows large numbers of animals to be tested quickly, a necessary requirement for studies involving
genetic and physiological interventions. 相似文献
110.
Quinn PC 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2004,11(1):92-97
Quinn and Eimas (1998) reported an asymmetry in the exclusivity of the category representations that young infants form for
humans and nonhuman animals: category representations for nonhuman animal species were found to exclude humans, whereas a
category representation for humans was found to include nonhuman animal species (i.e., cats, horses). The present experiment
utilized the familiarization/novelty-preference procedure with 3- and 4-month-olds to determine the perceptual cues (i.e.,
whole stimulus, head alone, body alone) that provided the basis for this asymmetry. The data revealed the asymmetry to be
observable only with the whole animal stimuli and not when infants were provided with information from just the head or the
body of the exemplars. The results indicate that the incorporation of nonhuman animal species into a category representation
for humans is based on holistic information. 相似文献