Effect of multiple images on associative learning

The present research investigated the effects of multiple images on associative learning. In Experiment 1, subjects formed either a noninteractive image of two words, a single interactive image, a multiple interactive image consisting of multiple copies of the same image, or a multiple interactive image consisting of different images. In Experiment 2, the different multiple images were formed across trials instead of simultaneously during the same trial. Both experiments showed that, although interactive images are superior to noninteractive images, there is no reliable facilitation from multiple images as compared with single images. The results were discussed in terms of the variable-encoding hypothesis and previous findings that multiple retrieval paths facilitate verbal learning.     

Modification of an impulsive cognitive tempo in emotionally disturbed boys

In order to determine the relative effectiveness of verbal self-instructions and training to delay before responding in modifying an impulsive cognitive style, 15 impulsive emotionally disturbed boys were assigned to one of three groups. The cognitive-training group was given practice in verbal self-instructions, the delay-training group received practice in delaying before responding, and the control group received no training. Posttreatment scores on the Matching Familiar Figures Test showed a significant increase in latencies for both the cognitive and delay-training groups. However, only the cognitive-training group, which had recieved practice in verbal self-instructions, made fewer errors following training. Implications for future research and potential treatment strategies for verbal self-instructions are discussed.     

Stress and social support: The burden experienced by the family of a mentally ill person

The present research examined the burden experienced by the families of a mentally ill person and the relationship between this stress and social support. The participants were 56 parents of a schizophrenic person who were members of a self-help group for the families of psychiatric patients. Results indicated that low levels of burden were associated with small dense social networks, satisfaction with support received, satisfaction with the support from the self-help group, and spouse involvement with the patient. Qualitative data revealed that the stress encountered was chronic in nature, that the families lacked relevant information, and that the self-help group was beneficial. Implications for future research were discussed.