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101.
RAP: a new framework for visual categorization 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cognitive science might almost be defined as several disciplines communicating their different perspectives on the mind, the common object of study. However, domain-specific concepts and techniques can prevent, rather than foster, a communication of viewpoints. In this article, we develop a new framework for visual categorization in which the interaction between Represented (R) information and Available (A) information determine the Potent (P) information (symbolically, R ? A approximately P). We argue and illustrate that this framework helps to establish a common language to articulate issues common to low-, mid-, and high-level vision. More importantly, we present new techniques with which to visualize the so-far elusive constructs of representation and potent information. 相似文献
102.
In two experiments, space- and object-based selection effects were investigated, using variants of the ring-cuing paradigm of Egly and Homa (1984). The results revealed significant cuing modulation for nonring configurations of target locations spanning a range of retinal eccentricities, with the cuing effects independent of eccentricity and confined to the configuration of locations (rather than extending to locations within the space enclosed by the cued configuration). These results are consistent with object-based selection operating on a grouped spatial array (Vecera & Farah, 1994). Object selection may be based on a supradimensional saliency map representation of the field, modulated by feature-specific segmentation mechanisms (e.g., an object may be made salient on the basis of its color). Complex objects may be represented by grouped saliency signals. In this way, a two-dimensional spatial (saliency) representation may provide the common format for object-based selection, prior to full object definition. 相似文献
103.
This paper deals with the measurement problem of deriving an overall evaluation of stimuli by n-component bisection. Reflexivity and a generalised form of bisymmetry for two variables will be shown to characterise n-component bisection in terms of quasilinear means, unique up to linear transformations of their generating functions. Copyright 2000 Academic Press. 相似文献
104.
In the present study we made use of Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) to examine raising and subject control constructions in German. Our most salient result is that the ERPs elicited at the empty subject position of a raising construction are clearly different from those elicited at the corresponding position of an otherwise identical subject control construction, the former producing a stronger P600. We argue that this result provides an electrophysiological correlate of the theoretical distinction between NP trace and PRO. 相似文献
105.
Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) of 21 subjects were recorded in a choice reaction time task with a repeating eight-element long stimulus sequence. The regular event sequence was sometimes interrupted by 'perceptual' or by 'motor deviants' which both replaced an expected stimulus but either preserved or violated the sequence of motor responses. Response times confirmed that all subjects had acquired some knowledge of the sequential dependencies. By means of a post-experimental free recall and recognition test, subjects were classified as having either explicit or implicit knowledge of the event sequence. The ERPs showed different effects for different types of stimuli and the two groups. In the group of explicit learners, a larger N200 component was evoked by both types of deviants and a larger P300 by motor deviants only. In the group of implicit learners these 'perceptual components' remained unaffected. In contrast, in both groups of subjects the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) which accompanied motor deviants revealed a partial activation of the to be expected but incorrect response, i.e. motor learning. These results suggest that explicit learners acquire knowledge about both, stimulus and response dependencies while implicit learners acquire knowledge about response dependencies only. 相似文献
106.
This study assessed family perception patterns of interpersonal behavior in families with a daughter diagnosed with an eating disorder 6 years after treatment that used a prospective design. Family perception patterns of patients found to have a poor outcome at followup (n = 15) were compared with patients with a good outcome (n = 23), as well as a control group (n = 36). Using the system of multiple level observation of groups (SYMLOG), all 238 family members evaluated themselves and each other. The index patients with a poor outcome perceived themselves as friendlier and more positive than they were perceived by their families. In comparison to parents of daughters with a good outcome and the control group, parents of daughters in the poor outcome group perceived themselves to be less friendly than their partners perceived them to be. A rigid polarization of the perception of the index patient by family members and a discrepancy in this perception between the index patient and the rest of the family were found to be indicative of a poor prognosis. Implications for treatment based on family perception patterns of interpersonal behavior are discussed. 相似文献
107.
Evidence for 40-Hz oscillatory short-term visual memory revealed by human reaction-time measurements
Elliott MA Müller HJ 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2000,26(3):703-718
Four experiments show that presentation of a synchronous premask frame within a 40-Hz, flickering premask matrix primes subsequent detection of a Kanizsa-type square by generation of a 40-Hz prime. Reaction time (RT) priming effects indicated a 150-200-ms prime duration following premask display. RTs were also found to be sensitive to the phase relationship between offset of the premask display relative to the onset time of the target: Priming effects were maximal when the target was presented out of phase with premask presentation (i.e., at interstimulus intervals displaced by 180 degrees relative to the 40-Hz rhythm of premask-frame presentation). Taken together, these results demonstrate the existence of a very short-term visual memory that oscillates at 40 Hz. The findings are discussed in the context of complementary psychological and neurophysiological findings related to visual-object coding and the role of gamma-band activity in the brain. 相似文献
108.
The present study investigated modularity of object and place memory in children with the reaction time/accuracy paradigm. The memory task was presented in two spatial arrays, a frame with landmarks and a grid. Modularity was tested using perceptual size judgment (what-interference) and movement direction judgment (where-interference). Latencies of object memory were increased by same-system what-interference in all age groups indicating limited capacity of an object memory system. With respect to accuracy of object and place memory, only young children's performance was susceptible to same-system interference of perceptual judgment. 相似文献
109.
We propose an extension of a systemic model for object recognition formulated by Rybak et al (1998 Vision Research 38 2387-2400) which is based on the functional organisation of the visual systems in primate brains. In contrast to the learning and recognition scheme of Rybak et al we do not assume a behavioural paradigm, i.e. a visuomotor programmed scanpath that determines the sequence of foveation on the different parts of the object. As in the basis architecture of Rybak et al, the system modules are separated into 'what'-like subsystems corresponding to the ventral occipito-inferotemporal visual path and 'where'-like complexes analogous to the dorsal occipito-parietal visual path. The 'what' system analyses local features in the actual foveation as in Rybak et al. But, in our case, the 'where' memory, instead of programming a behavioural scanpath, scores the spatial relationship between successive fixation and the spatial relationship between the associated main edges. The recognition is based on the identification of parts and their spatial relationship. This gives the learning and recognition mechanisms more flexibility in the sense that, for recognising an object, several different fixation sequences may be accepted. 相似文献
110.
Pollok B Prior H Güntürkün O 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2000,114(2):148-157
The development of object permanence was investigated in black-billed magpies (Pica pica), a food-storing passerine bird. The authors tested the hypothesis that food-storing development should be correlated with object-permanence development and that specific stages of object permanence should be achieved before magpies become independent. As predicted, Piagetian Stages 4 and 5 were reached before independence was achieved, and the ability to represent a fully hidden object (Piagetian Stage 4) emerged by the age when magpies begin to retrieve food. Contrary to psittacine birds and humans, but as in dogs and cats, no "A-not-B error" occurred. Although magpies also mastered 5 of 6 invisible displacement tasks, evidence of Piagetian Stage 6 competence was ambiguous. 相似文献