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971.
972.
Anaïs Mayeur Roland Bremond J.M. Christian Bastien 《Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour》2010,13(2):115-128
The Small Target Visibility model used in road lighting design is based on a strong simplification of the driving task. To specify the driver’s visibility needs in a way consistent with state-of-the-art lighting engineering practice, a field experiment was designed in order to investigate target detection performances, comparing driver and passenger status conditions. Sixteen target visibility levels (VL) were used. In the driver status, 34 participants had to press a button as soon as they detected the target stimulus placed on the experimental lighted section. In the passenger status, the same participants had to detect the target stimulus while the experimenter drove. The results show that the passengers’ performances (detection distance) were higher than the drivers’ performances (p = .0014). Furthermore, the higher the VL, the higher the detection distance (p < .0001). These results lead up to modify the reference scenario in order to take into account human factor components for road lighting design. 相似文献
973.
Hedman E Ljótsson B Andersson E Rück C Andersson G Lindefors N 《Cognitive behaviour therapy》2010,39(4):239-250
Hypochondriasis is highly prevalent in medical settings, has detrimental effects for affected individuals, and is associated with high societal costs. Although cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) has been shown to be effective in the treatment of hypochondriasis, it is not widely available because of a lack of properly trained therapists. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate therapy forms that require less therapist time. The authors investigated the effect and economic impact of group CBT delivered in a psychiatric setting among 24 people with hypochondriasis. A within-group design with prolonged baseline was used, and all participants received 10 weeks of group-based treatment. The primary outcome measures were the Health Anxiety Inventory and the Illness Attitude Scales. Results indicate significant improvement on both measures at posttreatment and 6-month follow-up (Cohen's d = 1.03-1.72). Medical and nonmedical costs were substantially lowered. The authors conclude that group-based CBT delivered in a psychiatric setting is an effective and potentially highly cost-effective treatment for hypochondriasis. 相似文献
974.
Besides the ongoing discussion on whether persons with schizophrenia have a higher prevalence of criminal offences, it is also of special interest for the prognosis in this group of offenders whether there is a causal relationship between the schizophrenic disease and the type of delinquency. For the construction of causal relationships it is important to determine a typology of offences committed by schizophrenic persons. This article deals with the problem by analyzing the offences of 133 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, schizo-affective and delusional disorders at the Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe (LWL) Center for Forensic Psychiatry in Lippstadt. 相似文献
975.
Christian E. Stilp Joshua M. Alexander Michael Kiefte Keith R. Kluender 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2010,72(2):470-480
Brief experience with reliable spectral characteristics of a listening context can markedly alter perception of subsequent speech sounds, and parallels have been drawn between auditory compensation for listening context and visual color constancy. In order to better evaluate such an analogy, the generality of acoustic context effects for sounds with spectral-temporal compositions distinct from speech was investigated. Listeners identified nonspeech sounds—extensively edited samples produced by a French horn and a tenor saxophone—following either resynthesized speech or a short passage of music. Preceding contexts were “colored” by spectral envelope difference filters, which were created to emphasize differences between French horn and saxophone spectra. Listeners were more likely to report hearing a saxophone when the stimulus followed a context filtered to emphasize spectral characteristics of the French horn, and vice versa. Despite clear changes in apparent acoustic source, the auditory system calibrated to relatively predictable spectral characteristics of filtered context, differentially affecting perception of subsequent target nonspeech sounds. This calibration to listening context and relative indifference to acoustic sources operates much like visual color constancy, for which reliable properties of the spectrum of illumination are factored out of perception of color. 相似文献
976.
977.
Christian Kandler Rainer Riemann Frank M. Spinath Alois Angleitner 《Journal of personality》2010,78(5):1565-1594
ABSTRACT This study considered the validity of the personality structure based on the Five‐Factor Model using both self‐ and peer reports on twins' NEO‐PI‐R facets. Separating common from specific genetic variance in self‐ and peer reports, this study examined genetic substance of different trait levels and rater‐specific perspectives relating to personality judgments. Data of 919 twin pairs were analyzed using a multiple‐rater twin model to disentangle genetic and environmental effects on domain‐level trait, facet‐specific trait, and rater‐specific variance. About two thirds of both the domain‐level trait variance and the facet‐specific trait variance was attributable to genetic factors. This suggests that the more personality is measured accurately, the better these measures reflect the genetic structure. Specific variance in self‐ and peer reports also showed modest to substantial genetic influence. This may indicate not only genetically influenced self‐rater biases but also substance components specific for self‐ and peer raters' perspectives on traits actually measured. 相似文献
978.
Jörg M. Müller Christian Postert Thomas Beyer Tilman Furniss Sandra Achtergarde 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(2):246-254
Eleven short versions of the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R) assessing general psychopathology, containing 5 to 53 items, were
compared on the basis of data from a sample of one hundred mothers of 0-to-6-year-old children referred for treatment at a
Child Psychiatric Family Day Hospital in Münster, Germany. The SCL short versions were compared with regard to internal consistency,
sensitivity and specificity, ability to distinguish between subjects by a new test index (PDTS), and association with indicators
of validity (SCL-90-R Global Severity Index, BDI scores). All short versions showed almost equally high internal consistency,
sensitivity and specificity, and high correlations with validity indices. The PDTS test index describes a ‘good’ ability of
the original SCL-90-R to differentiate between subjects, a ‘moderate’ performance for the BSI, the HSCL-25 and the SCL-27,
and a ‘poor’ performance of the very short forms—according to the standards of interpreting PDTS scores. The SCL-10S is recommended
for screening purposes because this scale represented the best compromise between economy and accuracy. However, for other
research and clinical purposes, the use of one of the longer short versions (BSI, HSCL-25, or SCL-27) is recommended because
of their superior discriminative ability. 相似文献
979.
980.
Florian Wickelmaier Christian Schmid 《Behavior research methods, instruments & computers》2004,36(1):29-40
Tversky (1972) has proposed a family of models for paired-comparison data that generalize the Bradley-Terry-Luce (BTL) model and can, therefore, apply to a diversity of situations in which the BTL model is doomed to fail. In this article, we present a Matlab function that makes it easy to specify any of these general models (EBA, Pretree, or BTL) and to estimate their parameters. The program eliminates the time-consuming task of constructing the likelihood function by hand for every single model. The usage of the program is illustrated by several examples. Features of the algorithm are outlined. The purpose of this article is to facilitate the use of probabilistic choice models in the analysis of data resulting from paired comparisons. 相似文献