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911.
912.
Niclas Berggren Christian Bjørnskov Therese Nilsson 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2018,19(5):1465-1483
While previous research examines how institutions matter for general life satisfaction and how specific institutions embodying equal rights for gay people matter for the life satisfaction of gays, we combine these two issues to analyze how the latter type of institutions relates to general life satisfaction. The question is how people in general are affected by laws treating everyone equally irrespective of sexual orientation. We find that legal recognition of partnership, marriage and adoption rights, as well as an equal age of consent, relate positively to general life satisfaction. Consequently, same-sex marriage and similar reforms come at no “welfare” cost to society at large—if anything, the opposite appears to hold. We further build on previous research showing positive effects of economic freedom on happiness and on tolerance towards gay people and interact our rights measure with economic freedom. This reveals that the positive effect on general happiness of equal rights mainly appears in countries with low economic freedom. This likely follows because minority rights are perceived to indicate openness to much-desired reforms in other areas. 相似文献
913.
Eduard Ort Johannes Jacobus Fahrenfort Christian N. L. Olivers 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2018,80(8):1904-1917
Having to look for multiple targets typically results in switch costs. However, using a gaze-contingent eyetracking paradigm with multiple color-defined targets, we have recently shown that the emergence of switch costs depends on whether observers can choose a target or a target is being imposed upon them. Here, using a similar paradigm, we tested whether these findings generalize to the situation in which targets are specified across different feature dimensions. We instructed participants to simultaneously search for, and then fixate, either of two possible targets presented among distractors. The targets were defined as either two colors, two shapes, or one color and one shape. In one condition, only one of the two targets was available in each display, so that the choice was imposed. In the other condition, both targets would be present in each display, which gave observers free choice over what to search for. Consistent with our earlier findings, switch costs emerged when targets were imposed, whereas no switch costs emerged when target selection was free, irrespective of the dimension in which the targets were defined. The results are consistent with the operation of different modes of control in multiple-target search, with switch costs emerging whenever reactive control is required and being reduced or absent when displays allow for proactive control. 相似文献
914.
Dividing Attention Between Tasks: Testing Whether Explicit Payoff Functions Elicit Optimal Dual‐Task Performance 下载免费PDF全文
George D. Farmer Christian P. Janssen Anh T. Nguyen Duncan P. Brumby 《Cognitive Science》2018,42(3):820-849
We test people's ability to optimize performance across two concurrent tasks. Participants performed a number entry task while controlling a randomly moving cursor with a joystick. Participants received explicit feedback on their performance on these tasks in the form of a single combined score. This payoff function was varied between conditions to change the value of one task relative to the other. We found that participants adapted their strategy for interleaving the two tasks, by varying how long they spent on one task before switching to the other, in order to achieve the near maximum payoff available in each condition. In a second experiment, we show that this behavior is learned quickly (within 2–3 min over several discrete trials) and remained stable for as long as the payoff function did not change. The results of this work show that people are adaptive and flexible in how they prioritize and allocate attention in a dual‐task setting. However, it also demonstrates some of the limits regarding people's ability to optimize payoff functions. 相似文献
915.
Laura M. Heath Lauren Drvaric Christian S. Hendershot Lena C. Quilty R. Michael Bagby 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2018,40(4):606-613
The Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) is a questionnaire developed to assess the five domains represented in the alternative model for personality disorders proposed in Section III of the DSM-5. This study examined the ability of the PID-5 to distinguish between different mental disorders compared to a questionnaire measure of the five-factor model (FFM) of normative personality. The study included the administration of the PID-5 and Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R), a measure of the FFM, to treatment-seeking individuals with Depressive, Bipolar, Psychotic, and Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD). Diagnostic groups were compared at the domain level of PID-5 and NEO PI-R, with sex and age as covariates. The main findings on the PID-5 included higher Detachment scores for Bipolar and Depressive Disorders than Psychotic and AUDs, lower Psychoticism/higher Disinhibition scores for the AUD group compared to all other groups, and lower Negative Affect for the Psychotic Disorders versus AUD group. On the NEO PI-R, the AUD diagnostic group was associated with lower Conscientiousness and Agreeableness scores compared to all other groups, and lower Neuroticism scores than the Bipolar and Depressive groups. Group pairwise comparisons did not appear to show many differences between the PID-5 and NEO PI-R. The results suggest that the alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders may have clinical utility in distinguishing personality profiles between diagnostic groups. These findings emphasize the importance of additional research on the capacity of maladaptive personality to contribute to the assessment of differential diagnoses. 相似文献
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917.
From a game theory perspective the ability to generate random behaviors is critical. However, psychological studies have consistently found that individuals are poor at behaving randomly. In this paper we investigated the possibility that the randomness mechanism lies not within the individual players but in the interaction between the players. Provided that players are influenced by their opponent’s past behavior, their relationship may constitute a state of reciprocal causation [Cognitive Science 21 (1998) 461], in which each player simultaneously affects and is affected by the other player. The result of this would be a dynamic, coupled system. Using neural networks to represent the individual players in a game of paper, rock, and scissors, a model of this process was developed and shown to be capable of generating chaos-like behaviors as an emergent property. In addition, it was found that by manipulating the control parameters of the model, corresponding to the amount of working memory and the perceived values of different outcomes, that the game could be biased in favor of one player over the other, an outcome not predicted by game theory. Human data was collected and the results show that the model accurately describes human behavior. The results and the model are discussed in light of recent theoretical advances in dynamic systems theory and cognition. 相似文献
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919.
920.
Animal Cognition - Quantitative abilities are widely recognized to play important roles in several ecological contexts, such as foraging, mate choice, and social interaction. Indeed, such abilities... 相似文献