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971.
Ana Abu-Rus Noah Bussell Donald C. Olsen Marie Ardill Alissa L. Davis-Ku Meline A. Arzoumanian 《Ethics & behavior》2013,23(8):595-606
One hundred eighty trauma-focused dissertations published in the United States were examined to determine the variation in risk language used in the informed consents. Level of risk proposed in the informed consents was poorly related to ratings of risk by graduate coders and virtually unrelated to vulnerability factors such as the age of participants and clinical or nonclinical status. Risk language in the informed consents was markedly elevated over that rated by the coders, with more than one third of the dissertations presenting the risk of participation as severe (i.e., associated with substantial risk of reactivity and lasting discomfort). These statements are not in keeping with the literature and raise ethical concerns in relation to (a) nocebo effects, (b) distortion of correlational findings, and (c) discouragement of participants from disclosing trauma in other settings. 相似文献
972.
Imprecisely known quantities (e.g., predictions) are often described in approximate terms as “more than X” or “less than Y” (e.g., “Ann will earn more than $50 000” or “less than $60 000”). Such phrases carry both quantitative and qualitative (pragmatic) information. Three studies are reported showing that lower limit estimates (more than, over, minimum) are generally more frequent, and considered more appropriate than upper limit estimates (less than, under, maximum) over a wide range of contexts. This is partly due to scalar properties of the number system, where lower numbers are attained before, and included in higher numbers, but not vice versa. As a result, upper limit statements are perceived as negations, and carry more specific information about the speaker's communicative concerns. Upper limit statements are preferred with amounts or quantities that can be perceived as small, whereas lower limit statements can be used both to indicate large quantities and as a default. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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974.
975.
Marie J. Hayes Shannon K. McCoy Michio Fukumizu Joseph D. Wellman Janet A. DiPietro 《Infant and child development》2011,20(5):495-508
Sleep–wake behaviours and temperament were examined longitudinally for trait stability and relationship to behavioural state regulation from infancy to early childhood. Subjects were 120 low‐risk, full‐term infants from a middle class sample. At 6 weeks, parents completed three consecutive days of the Baby's Day Diary which measures sleep, wake, fuss, feed and cry states and the Infant Characteristics Questionnaire. At 16 months, parents assessed sleep behaviours with the Sleep Habits Inventory and temperament with the Toddler Symptom Checklist. At 24 months, parents repeated 3 days of the Baby's Day Diary. Structural Equation Modelling was used to examine the cross‐age hypotheses for sleep–wake and temperament associations. From early infancy to toddlerhood, sleep–wake behaviours and irritable temperament were notably stable but independent in this cohort. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
976.
Teaching styles were investigated in 28 middle‐class sibling dyads (older sibling M age = 8.2 yrs; younger sibling M age =5.11 yrs) using two sets of block design tasks (five easy; five hard). Older siblings employed a greater number of strategies (i.e. physical demonstrations, scaffolding, corrective feedback) in the hard than in the easy tasks, thus demonstrating the ability to adjust teaching strategies according to task difficulty. Teachers also employed more frequent strategies when learners were younger indicating that they may be sensitive to developmental differences. In the hard tasks, learners responded positively to teacher guidance, but were also more likely to reject the teacher's help, perhaps demonstrating responsibility for their own learning. Findings are discussed in light of current social‐cognitive approaches highlighting the important roles of both teacher and learner during episodes of sibling teaching in middle childhood. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
977.
Reactions to receiving or failing to receive rejection/acceptance letters were examined from the perspective of psychological contracts. In Study 1, a laboratory experiment, organizational obligation fulfillment was predicted by status (rejection/acceptance) and notification (no notification; notification only; notification plus explanation) such that those rejected without notification reported the lowest level of organizational obligation fulfillment. In Study 2, a field survey, applicants who were rejected with no rejection communication were more likely to believe that the organization failed to fulfill its obligations, and reported more negative intentions toward the organization compared to those who received a rejection communication. In both studies, organizational obligation fulfillment accounted for incremental variance in applicant intentions, beyond that of applicant status and type of rejection notification. 相似文献
978.
Uncertain quantities can be described by single‐point estimates of lower interval bounds (X1), upper interval bounds (X2), two‐bound estimates (separate estimates of X1 and X2), and by ranges (X1?X2). A price estimation task showed that single‐bound estimates phrased as “T costs more than X1” and “T costs less than X2,” yielded much larger intervals than “minimum X1” and “maximum X2.” This difference can be attributed to exclusive interpretations of X1 and X2 in the first case (X1 and X2 are unlikely values), and inclusive interpretations in the second (X1 and X2 are likely values). This pattern of results was replicated in other domains where participants estimated single targets. When they estimated a distribution of targets, the pattern was reversed. “Minimum” and “maximum” values of variable quantities (e.g., flight prices) were found to delimit larger intervals than “more than” and “less than” estimates. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
979.
Serge Stolru Marie‐Noëlle le Mer 《International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies》2007,4(4):349-370
Objective: To develop an interview method that combined the qualities of unstructured interviews, such as openness to unexpected information, and the qualities of structured interviews, such as adequate psychometric properties. Method: The innovative principle of the Algorithmically Structured Systematic Exploration of Subject's State of Mind (Assess_Mind) is to investigate, not the contents of mental phenomenology, but five mental functions – or “registers” – that mediate the experience of patients. The functioning of these registers – affects, fears, desires, memories, and associations of ideas – is explored using a rigorously defined algorithm for interviewing. Scales have been developed to rate 390 interviews on psychopathological dimensions of interest in a study of patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. Results: As shown by vignettes from the various registers, the Assess_Mind provides detailed, comprehensive, and deep information on the five registers it investigates. Conclusion: Although the Assess_Mind uses a structured algorithm for data collection, its usefulness as a clinical research tool is based on the width and depth of its coverage of patients' current mental experience. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
980.
Anne Marie Kitz 《Religion Compass》2007,1(6):615-627
As many extant texts demonstrate, the world of the Ancient Near East was replete with curses. They managed almost every feature of life from simple business affairs to complex international relations. Of significant importance for the survivability of any society at that time was the maintenance of the happiness of the local deity or deities whose ongoing presence and patronage was inexorably linked to the preservation of their respective tribe, city, or empire. Cursing importuned these patron deities, as well as personal deities, to injure others so that the well‐being of their tribal or city residents might be sustained. A curse's ultimate purpose was to inspire heavenly rage by soliciting supernatural powers to intercede in situations that were believed to be beyond mortal control such as injustices, disease, injury, or just plain bad luck. The following study will review the underlying features of all curses in the Ancient Near East. The deities, as will be shown, played a central role in the execution of maledictions. They were viewed as the agents who would, in one way or another, realize the requested punishment should they judge in the speaker's favor. This analysis will be followed by an examination of the most common types of curses the Ancient Near Easterners used. 相似文献