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191.
192.
Framing effects occur in a wide range of laboratory and natural decision contexts, but the underlying processes that produce
framing effects are not well understood. We explored the role of working memory (WM) in framing by manipulating WM loads during
risky decisions. After starting with a hypothetical stake of money, participants were then presented a lesser amount that
they could keep for certain (positive frame) or lose for certain (negative frame). They made a choice between the sure amount
and a gamble in which they could either keep or lose all of the original stake. On half of the trials, the choice was made
while maintaining a concurrent WM load of random letters. In both load and no-load conditions, we replicated the typical finding
of risk aversion with positive frames and risk seeking with negative frames. In addition, people made fewer decisions to accept
the gamble under conditions of higher cognitive load. The data are congruent with a dual-process reasoning framework in which
people employ a heuristic to make satisfactory decisions with minimal effort. 相似文献
193.
Richard A. Burgess Michael Davis Marilyn A. Dyrud Joseph R. Herkert Rachelle D. Hollander Lisa Newton Michael S. Pritchard P. Aarne Vesilind 《Science and engineering ethics》2013,19(3):1395-1404
The eight pieces constituting this Meeting Report are summaries of presentations made during a panel session at the 2011 Association for Practical and Professional Ethics (APPE) annual meeting held between March 3rd and 6th in Cincinnati. Lisa Newton organized the session and served as chair. The panel of eight consisted both of pioneers in the field and more recent arrivals. It covered a range of topics from how the field has developed to where it should be going, from identification of issues needing further study to problems of training the next generation of engineers and engineering-ethics scholars. 相似文献
194.
O'Reilly M Lang R Davis T Rispoli M Machalicek W Sigafoos J Lancioni G Didden R 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2009,42(4):773-783
We examined the effects of three different presession conditions on tangibly maintained problem behavior for 2 students with autism, using individual-participant multielement designs. First, an analogue functional analysis demonstrated that problem behavior was maintained by access to tangible items. Next, topographies of item rejection were identified. Finally, students were exposed to (a) brief access, (b) no access, and (c) satiation to the tangible items prior to tangible sessions. The results demonstrated high levels of problem behavior following the brief-access and no-access presession conditions and low levels of problem behavior following the satiation condition. The findings are discussed in the context of how satiation might best be defined for these sorts of evaluations. 相似文献
195.
Robert Davis 《Nanoethics》2011,5(3):319-334
This paper explores the application of an affective content analysis to a selection of nanotechnology news articles gathered
from selected newspapers. Thematic content analyses dominate current efforts to mine large text collections of popular science
media; the addition of an affective analysis element can yield useful information to supplement future content analysis efforts.
Using Whissell’s Dictionary of Affect in Language, the analysis rates news articles gathered over a twenty-two year period for their pleasantness, activeness, and imagery,
determining the mean affective tone in each category for the entire collection, four ‘content themes’ (business, national
security, health, and environment), and the change in affective tone over the twenty-two year period these articles represent.
Whereas the entire collection analyzed as a whole rates very similarly to the average found for everyday English language
use and the ‘content themes’ show similar results, the change in affective tone over the years has been both significant and
striking. A sample of results from three years of the twenty-two year period is then qualitatively explored to demonstrate
to the reader the connection between the quantitative results of the Dictionary and the qualitative effect of the article’s word use and phrasing. The paper ends with a review of the technique’s success,
implications for policymaking and public dialogue, and avenues for future use. 相似文献
196.
Erich W. Schienke Seth D. Baum Nancy Tuana Kenneth J. Davis Klaus Keller 《Science and engineering ethics》2011,17(3):503-523
In this essay we develop and argue for the adoption of a more comprehensive model of research ethics than is included within
current conceptions of responsible conduct of research (RCR). We argue that our model, which we label the ethical dimensions
of scientific research (EDSR), is a more comprehensive approach to encouraging ethically responsible scientific research compared
to the currently typically adopted approach in RCR training. This essay focuses on developing a pedagogical approach that
enables scientists to better understand and appreciate one important component of this model, what we call intrinsic ethics. Intrinsic ethical issues arise when values and ethical assumptions are embedded within scientific findings and analytical
methods. Through a close examination of a case study and its application in teaching, namely, evaluation of climate change
integrated assessment models, this paper develops a method and case for including intrinsic ethics within research ethics
training to provide scientists with a comprehensive understanding and appreciation of the critical role of values and ethical
choices in the production of research outcomes. 相似文献
197.
This study examines the relationship between psychosocial and study skill factors (PSFs) and college outcomes by meta-analyzing 109 studies. On the basis of educational persistence and motivational theory models, the PSFs were categorized into 9 broad constructs: achievement motivation, academic goals, institutional commitment, perceived social support, social involvement, academic self-efficacy, general self-concept, academic-related skills, and contextual influences. Two college outcomes were targeted: performance (cumulative grade point average; GPA) and persistence (retention). Meta-analyses indicate moderate relationships between retention and academic goals, academic self-efficacy, and academic-related skills (ps =.340,.359, and.366, respectively). The best predictors for GPA were academic self-efficacy and achievement motivation (ps =.496 and.303, respectively). Supplementary regression analyses confirmed the incremental contributions of the PSF over and above those of socioeconomic status, standardized achievement, and high school GPA in predicting college outcomes. 相似文献
198.
This study investigated the linguistic processing of visual speech (video of a talker's utterance without audio) by determining if such has the capacity to prime subsequently presented word and nonword targets. The priming procedure is well suited for the investigation of whether speech perception is amodal since visual speech primes can be used with targets presented in different modalities. To this end, a series of priming experiments were conducted using several tasks. It was found that visually spoken words (for which overt identification was poor) acted as reliable primes for repeated target words in the naming, written and auditory lexical decision tasks. These visual speech primes did not produce associative or reliable form priming. The lack of form priming suggests that the repetition priming effect was constrained by lexical level processes. That priming found in all tasks is consistent with the view that similar processes operate in both visual and auditory speech processing. 相似文献
199.
Effective computer skill training is vital to organizational productivity. Two experiments (N = 288) demonstrated that the behavior modeling approach to computer skill training could be substantially improved by incorporating symbolic mental rehearsal (SMR). SMR is a specific form of mental rehearsal that establishes a cognitive link between visual images and symbolic memory codes. As theorized, the significant effects of SMR on declarative knowledge and task performance were shown to be fully mediated by changes in trainees' knowledge structures. The mediational role of knowledge structures is expected to generalize to other training interventions and cognitive skill domains. Our findings have the immediate implications that practitioners should use SMR for improving the effectiveness of computer skill training. 相似文献
200.
Michaelis BH Goldberg JF Davis GP Singer TM Garno JL Wenze SJ 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2004,34(2):172-176
Impulsivity and hostility are often thought to be interrelated among depressed patients with suicidal behavior, but few studies have examined this relationship empirically. In this study, we assessed trait impulsivity and hostility among 52 DSM-IV bipolar subjects with and without histories of suicide attempts. Impulsivity and hostility were correlated among attempters (r = .41, p = .03) but not non-attempters (r = .22, p = .28). As compared to non-attempters, attempters had significantly higher levels of overall hostility, more extensive subcomponents of hostility, and a trend toward higher overall impulsivity. Associations between lifetime suicide attempts and overall hostility were significant while controlling for current depression severity and lifetime illness duration. Aggression and impulsivity appear linked among bipolar patients with lifetime suicide attempts but may be independent constructs among non-attempters. The presence of both factors may elevate risk for suicidal behavior. 相似文献