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991.
992.
Janus‐faced nature of colorblindness: Social dominance orientation moderates the relationship between colorblindness and outgroup attitudes 下载免费PDF全文
Kumar Yogeeswaran Thomas Davies Chris G. Sibley 《European journal of social psychology》2017,47(4):509-516
Colorblindness is a popular diversity ideology promoted as a means to intergroup harmony in ethnically diverse nations. While some research suggests that colorblindness reduces intergroup bias, other work suggests that colorblindness may increase it. The present research utilizes a national sample of European New Zealanders to examine whether the relationship between colorblind endorsement and outgroup attitudes is moderated by perceivers' individual differences in social dominance orientation (SDO). Data revealed that for participants low in SDO, colorblind beliefs predicted more negative attitudes toward ethnic minorities. However, for those high in SDO, colorblind beliefs predicted more positive attitudes toward ethnic minorities. Taken together, these findings suggest that colorblindness is not all good or bad for intergroup relations—instead, its effects may depend on perceivers' own egalitarian sentiments. 相似文献
993.
Generalized and specific components of prejudice: The decomposition of intergroup context effects 下载免费PDF全文
Cecil Meeusen Fiona Kate Barlow Chris G. Sibley 《European journal of social psychology》2017,47(4):443-456
Although different types of prejudice tend to be highly correlated, target‐specific and more generalized components can nevertheless be distinguished. Here, we analyze whether indicators of the intergroup context—threat, contact, and neighborhood composition—predict the target‐specific and/or generalized components of prejudice. Using data from the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study (N = 4629), we build a multilevel model that captures the relationship between social dominance orientation, general levels of neighborhood heterogeneity, symbolic and realistic threat and cross‐group friendship (averaged across target groups), and generalized prejudice. Our model simultaneously estimates the relationship between target‐specific levels of these intergroup context indicators and target‐specific prejudice. Results indicated that social dominance orientation remained the strongest predictor of generalized prejudice when adjusting for other variables and that indicators of the intergroup context primarily explain differences between target group ratings. Aggregate levels of cross‐group friendship also had a small effect on generalized prejudice. 相似文献
994.
Chris Eliasmith 《Synthese》2007,159(3):373-388
To have a fully integrated understanding of neurobiological systems, we must address two fundamental questions: 1. What do brains do (what is their function)? and 2. How do brains do whatever it is that they do (how is that function implemented)? I begin by arguing that these questions are necessarily inter-related. Thus, addressing one without consideration of an answer to the other, as is often done, is a mistake. I then describe what I take to be the best available approach to addressing both questions. Specifically, to address 2, I adopt the Neural Engineering Framework (NEF) of Eliasmith &; Anderson [Neural engineering: Computation representation and dynamics in neurobiological systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003] which identifies implementational principles for neural models. To address 1, I suggest that adopting statistical modeling methods for perception and action will be functionally sufficient for capturing biological behavior. I show how these two answers will be mutually constraining, since the process of model selection for the statistical method in this approach can be informed by known anatomical and physiological properties of the brain, captured by the NEF. Similarly, the application of the NEF must be informed by functional hypotheses, captured by the statistical modeling approach. 相似文献
995.
Males with fragile X syndrome (FXS) have difficulties with social interaction and many show autistic features. This study
examined whether the social deficits characteristic of FXS are associated with theory of mind difficulties. Two groups of
boys with FXS participated: a group with few autistic features and a group with many autistic features. An intellectual disability
control group also participated. In addition to using standard theory of mind tasks, new techniques were used that were able
to separate out the various processing demands of the task (e.g., memory, inhibitory control). Overall, the findings indicate
that both groups of boys with FXS have difficulty with theory of mind tasks compared to an intellectual disability control
group. However, both groups with FXS also performed worse on comparison trials that required working memory but not theory
of mind. Theory of mind difficulties are likely to be an important aspect of the FXS clinical profile, but are most likely
the result from a more basic difficulty with working memory. 相似文献
996.
Pictures of emotionally aversive, neutral, and pleasant scenes were presented for 500 ms, followed by a probe presented in the same location (valid trials) or an alternate location (invalid trials) as the picture. Response-times to the probes were recorded in low (N=20) and high (N=27) trait anxious participants. Results revealed an overall negative cue validity effect of shorter reaction times (RTs) on invalid than valid trials, suggestive of an inhibition of return effect. Moreover, high trait anxious females showed a reduced negative cue validity effect for aversive pictures in comparison with neutral and pleasant pictures, suggestive of selective interference by the unpleasant material. By contrast, low trait anxious females showed an enhanced negative cue validity effect for aversive pictures relative to neutral and pleasant pictures, suggestive of attentional avoidance of the aversive content. The emotional content of picture cues did not significantly affect RTs in males, regardless of anxiety status. The results suggest that biased attention processes for aversive stimuli may contribute to the greater female propensity for anxiety disorders. 相似文献
997.
Vicarious learning and the development of fears in childhood 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Vicarious learning has long been assumed to be an indirect pathway to fear; however, there is only retrospective evidence that children acquire fears in this way. In two experiments, children (aged 7-9 years) were exposed to pictures of novel animals paired with pictures of either scared, happy or no facial expressions to see the impact on their fear cognitions and avoidance behavior about the animals. In Experiment 1, directly (self-report) and indirectly measured (affective priming) fear attitudes towards the animals changed congruent with the facial expressions with which these were paired. The indirectly measured fear beliefs persisted up to 3 months. Experiment 2 showed that children took significantly longer to approach a box they believed to contain an animal they had previously seen paired with scared faces. These results support theories of fear acquisition that suppose that vicarious learning affects cognitive and behavioral fear emotion, and suggest possibilities for interventions to weaken fear acquired in this way. 相似文献
998.
Variation in coordination of a discrete multiarticular action as a function of skill level 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The authors investigated coordination modes that emerged as a function of the interaction between skill level and task constraints in a multiarticular kicking action. Five skilled, 5 intermediate, and 5 novice participants attempted to satisfy specific height and accuracy constraints in kicking a ball over a barrier. Skilled and intermediate groups demonstrated a functional coordination mode involving less joint involvement at the proximal joints and greater joint involvement at distal joints, mimicking a chip-like action in soccer. Conversely, the novice group tended to produce larger ranges of motion throughout the kicking limb in a driving-like kicking action. Key differences were also found for task outcome scores, joint angle-angle relations, and ball-trajectory plots between the skilled and intermediate groups and the novice group. Findings from this study demonstrated that joint involvement during this discrete multiarticular action is a function of skill level and task constraints rather than a consequence of a global freezing-freeing strategy suggested in some previous research. The authors also highlight the merit of using a model of the acquisition of coordination in examining how coordination modes for multiarticular actions differ as a function of skill. 相似文献
999.
Chris R. Schlauch 《Pastoral Psychology》2007,55(3):367-390
Theories of psychological development, however diverse, often express common underlying ontological-epistemological commitments
shaped by the legacies of Descartes, Newton, and Kant. Three related psychoanalytic concepts—“positions,” “space,” and “worlds”—individually
and collectively sketch the contours of a different way of construing human being and becoming—a way that departs from these
legacies. Implications for the study of religion of this “different way” are examined. 相似文献
1000.
Chris Heathwood 《Philosophical Studies》2007,133(1):23-44
One of the leading approaches to the nature of sensory pleasure reduces it to desire: roughly, a sensation qualifies as a
sensation of pleasure just in case its subject wants to be feeling it. This approach is, in my view, correct, but it has never
been formulated quite right; and it needs to defended against some compelling arguments. Thus the purpose of this paper is
to discover the most defensible formulation of this rough idea, and to defend it against the most interesting objections. 相似文献