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281.
282.
Jonathan Tarbox Wendy Madrid Barbara Aguilar Wendy Jacobo Averil Schiff Chris Ninness 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2009,42(4):901-906
Echoics are a critical target of language intervention for children with autism, because a well‐established echoic repertoire on the part of the child allows the clinician to use vocal modeling as a flexible, low‐effort prompting procedure during teaching. In this study, we implemented a chaining procedure to increase the complexity of echoics in 2 children with autism and 1 child with developmental delay. The procedure was effective for all 3 participants, and gains were maintained after treatment was withdrawn in most cases. 相似文献
283.
Chris Ninness Mark Dixon Dermot Barnes‐Holmes Ruth Anne Rehfeldt Robin Rumph Glen McCuller James Holland Ronald Smith Sharon K. Ninness Jennifer McGinty 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2009,42(2):191-208
Participants were pretrained and tested on mutually entailed trigonometric relations and combinatorially entailed relations as they pertained to positive and negative forms of sine, cosine, secant, and cosecant. Experiment 1 focused on training and testing transformations of these mathematical functions in terms of amplitude and frequency followed by tests of novel relations. Experiment 2 addressed training in accordance with frames of coordination (same as) and frames of opposition (reciprocal of) followed by more tests of novel relations. All assessments of derived and novel formula‐to‐graph relations, including reciprocal functions with diversified amplitude and frequency transformations, indicated that all 4 participants demonstrated substantial improvement in their ability to identify increasingly complex trigonometric formula‐to‐graph relations pertaining to same as and reciprocal of to establish mathematically complex repertoires. 相似文献
284.
Chris Haufe 《国际科学哲学研究》2009,23(3):265-276
Do the laws of nature supervene on ordinary, non‐nomic matters of fact? Lange’s criticism of Humean supervenience (HS) plays a key role in his account of natural laws. Though we are sympathetic to his account, we remain unconvinced by his criticism. We focus on his thought experiment involving a world containing nothing but a lone proton and argue that it does not cast sufficient doubt on HS. In addition, we express some concern about locating the lawmakers in an ontology of primitive subjunctive facts and suggest that a ‘mixed’ metaphysics to the lawmaker question might be attractive. 相似文献
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286.
Richard J. Keegan Chris G. Harwood Christopher M. Spray David E. Lavallee 《Psychology of sport and exercise》2009,10(3):361-372
ObjectivesThe objectives of this research were a) to explore the applicability of ‘motivational climate’ research to early career athletes under the age of twelve, b) to re-examine the concept of ‘motivational climate’ in the light of recent scientific developments, and c) to concurrently study the influences of coaches, parents and peers on athletic motivation.Design and MethodUsing a qualitative design, 40 participants (7–11 years of age) from various sports were interviewed in focus groups, using a semi-structured format to investigate the roles played by coaches, parents, and peers in influencing athlete motivation. An inductive content analysis was conducted to determine which behaviours among these social agents influenced key motivational outcomes.FindingsThe analysis indicated that young athletes experience a motivational climate which shows consistencies with existing models of motivation; suggesting this population is worthy of further study. The influences of coaches related most strongly to the manner in which they perform their roles of instruction and assessment, whereas parents' influences were most salient in terms of the way they support the child's participation and learning. Both parents and coaches exerted influences through their leadership styles, affective responses and pre-performance behaviours. Peers influenced participants' motivation through competitive behaviours, collaborative behaviours, evaluative communications and through their social relationships.ConclusionsThis study provides an insight into the motivational climate experienced by young athletes and helps to delineate the different roles of social agents in influencing their motivation at this early stage of development. 相似文献
287.
Yuji Yi Naomi Driesen Hoi-Chung Leung 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2009,9(3):249-259
Neuroimaging studies have shown the involvement of prefrontal and posterior parietal cortexes in regulating information processing.
We conducted behavioral and fMRI experiments to investigate the relationship between memory selection and proactive interference
(PI), using a delayed recognition task with a selection cue presented during the delay indicating which two of the four studied
digits were relevant to the present test. PI was indexed by the response time differences between rejecting probes matching
and not matching the no longer relevant digits. By varying the delay intervals, we found that the effect of PI did not diminish,
even for cases in which the postcue interval was extended to 9 sec, but was stronger when the precue interval was lengthened
to 5 sec. By examining the correlation between PI index and neural correlates of memory selection, we found that stronger
PI is predicted by lower selection-related activity in the left inferior parietal lobe, the precuneus, and the dorsal middle
frontal gyrus. Our results suggest that activity in the prefrontal-parietal network may contribute to one’s ability to focus
on the task-relevant information and may proactively reduce PI in working memory. 相似文献
288.
Kaposy C 《The American journal of bioethics : AJOB》2007,7(8):34-6; discussion W3
289.
A central feature of many formal accounts of reading aloud, and of Coltheart and colleagues dual-route cascaded model in particular, is that activation across various modules is cascaded. Evidence is reviewed that this assumption is problematic in a particular context, along with a solution that involves thresholding the output of the letter level to the nonlexical routine. Consideration of the known effects of repetition leads to the prediction of a three-way interaction between stimulus quality, repetition, and lexicality in which repetition and stimulus quality interact when reading aloud exception words, but produce additive effects when reading aloud nonwords. The result of such an experiment confirms this prediction, and appears consistent with the localized dual-route model. Implications for other accounts are briefly noted. 相似文献
290.