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71.
Cosans C 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2001,22(1):47-55
This paper rejects dualism between mind and body toview the self as an embodied biological entity. Rather thanseeing the body operating by passive mechanisms as Descartesargues, it holds it actively moves in and even defines its world. Carrying this perspective to medicine presents an attempt toincorporate or work with internal processes of the body; it issensitive to how patients identify with their bodies. Thecurrent discussion over the extent to which women should try tohave natural childbirths provides a concrete example of thedifferences between mechanistic and embodied approaches tomedicine. 相似文献
72.
Second-order schedules of token reinforcement with pigeons: effects of fixed- and variable-ratio exchange schedules 下载免费PDF全文
Foster TA Hackenberg TD Vaidya M 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2001,76(2):159-178
Pigeons' key pecks produced food under second-order schedules of token reinforcement, with light-emitting diodes serving as token reinforcers. In Experiment 1, tokens were earned according to a fixed-ratio 50 schedule and were exchanged for food according to either fixed-ratio or variable-ratio exchange schedules, with schedule type varied across conditions. In Experiment 2, schedule type was varied within sessions using a multiple schedule. In one component, tokens were earned according to a fixed-ratio 50 schedule and exchanged according to a variable-ratio schedule. In the other component, tokens were earned according to a variable-ratio 50 schedule and exchanged according to a fixed-ratio schedule. In both experiments, the number of responses per exchange was varied parametrically across conditions, ranging from 50 to 400 responses. Response rates decreased systematically with increases in the fixed-ratio exchange schedules, but were much less affected by changes in the variable-ratio exchange schedules. Response rates were consistently higher under variable-ratio exchange schedules than tinder comparable fixed-ratio exchange schedules, especially at higher exchange ratios. These response-rate differences were due both to greater pre-ratio pausing and to lower local rates tinder the fixed-ratio exchange schedules. Local response rates increased with proximity to food under the higher fixed-ratio exchange schedules, indicative of discriminative control by the tokens. 相似文献
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Foster JK 《Memory (Hove, England)》1999,7(5-6):733-740
75.
Chris Lovell 《Journal of Adult Development》1999,6(4):195-203
Empathy is both crucial to counseling and a desired outcome in higher education. Since the 1960s, many studies have examined the relationship between stages of adult cognitive development and level of empathy, particularly in counselors. Though positive, findings related to this critical research focus have been grounded in small, local samples, leading several investigators to call for a replication using a large, national sample. In response, this study surveyed 340 graduate student members of a large professional counseling association across the United States. Results indicated that more mature forms of thought (according to the Perry scheme) are associated with higher empathy levels (Hogan scale). Implications are drawn for adult development theory, education of counselors, and higher education reform. 相似文献
76.
Chris Kell 《British Journal of Guidance & Counselling》1999,27(3):431-440
The privacy of patients and their need for protection from harm are values respected by all professions. But words are open to interpretation. When counsellors join a multi-disciplinary Team, the variety of attitudes to confidentiality is often not made explicit, but is held within a broad corporate ideology. How then do counsellors protect the patient, and themselves, within the team approach to medical care? What are the consequences if they do not adhere to team norms? It is contended that corporate ideology is the main variable affecting the integration of a confidential counselling service within a medical setting. 相似文献
77.
The Psychological Record - Experimental conditions explored the development of fallacious rules and assessed the rates and durations of superstitious responding by children under the influence of... 相似文献
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Functional impulsivity and reinforcement sensitivity theory 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1