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111.
The aim of terror is not (only) damage to individual people but the uncertainty and threat to society that also suffers considerable damage. This secondary damage is usually substantially greater than the primary damage. This objective of terror is not only pursued by extremist organizations and groups but also by lone terrorist fighters. In the last 100 years 4 people were known internationally as lone wolf terrorists in the western hemisphere: the highschool teacher Ernst August Wagner, the American “unabomber” Theodore John Kaczynski, the Austrian letter bomber Franz Fuchs and the Norwegian mass murderer Anders Behring Breivik. Franz Fuchs was examined by the author and the background to his actions can be taken from own professional experience. Information available about the other perpetrators also reveals similarities to the personality traits and developmental steps which seem to have been important for the terrorist actsand include long periods of a lack of social resonance, rejection and mortification, social withdrawal and autistic demarcation and development of a pseudopolitical ideas (of grandiosity). Each of these lone wolf terrorists tried to pursue their ideals through terror, threats and intimidation of the public, and their own importance grew by the wide public attention which was fueled by the insecurity of the public. The interest should not only be directed to those individual lone wolf terrorists of this caliber or to the terrorism of states, organizations and groups or to their structure and dynamics but also to the media and public reactions, and finally to the response of society, as they mutually reinforce actions of the terrorists and help the offenders to achieve their goals. 相似文献
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Forensic patients with intellectual disabilities have so far received little attention which is reflected in the comparatively briefly written chapters in the standard textbooks and also the low scientific interest in this patient group. There are only few therapeutic concepts and even less information on their effectiveness. This article presents the Christophorus Clinic in Münster which was the first forensic institution in Germany to specialize in these patients. The institution incorporates 54 treatment places and started operating on 3 June 2011. In addition to the known fact that a therapy concept must (further) develop over the years, during the first year of operation some aspects have arisen which have cristallized as problem areas specific for this patient group, which are discussed. 相似文献
114.
Prof. Dr. Jürgen L. Müller Dr. N. Saimeh 《Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie》2014,8(1):41-48
The introduction of the certificate for forensic psychiatry of the German Association of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics (DGPPN) in 2000 was a significant contribution to raising awareness of the formal and substantive requirements for forensic psychiatric evaluations and to develop a systematic quality improvement in forensic psychiatric expert services. By the special dominance of the certification in the field of penal law assessment, this proved to be problematic for many predominantly non-penal experts. This led to a requirement to develop a qualification for the non-penal expert opinions. In particular the increasing specialization of the psychiatric disciplines and the diversity of the legal issues and framework require a continuing education in the field of non-penal psychiatric assessments. Substantive and formal requirements are discussed and a continuous process of quality improvement and assurance is outlined. Last but not least a plea is made for close interdisciplinary exchange with the jurisprudence and the courts in the context of quality circles. 相似文献
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Nora D. Gayzur Linda K. Langley Chris Kelland Sara V. Wyman Alyson L. Saville Annie T. Ciernia Ganesh Padmanabhan 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2014,76(2):407-419
Shifting visual focus on the basis of the perceived gaze direction of another person is one form of joint attention. In the present study, we investigated whether this socially relevant form of orienting is reflexive and whether it is influenced by age. Green and Woldorff (Cognition 122:96–101, 2012) argued that rapid cueing effects (i.e., faster responses to validly than to invalidly cued targets) were limited to conditions in which a cue overlapped in time with a target. They attributed slower responses following invalid cues to the time needed to resolve the incongruent spatial information provided by the concurrently presented cue and target. In the present study, we examined the orienting responses of young (18–31 years), young-old (60–74 years), and old-old (75–91 years) adults following uninformative central gaze cues that overlapped in time with the target (Exp. 1) or that were removed prior to target presentation (Exp. 2). When the cue and target overlapped, all three groups localized validly cued targets more quickly than invalidly cued targets, and validity effects emerged earlier for the two younger groups (at 100 ms post-cue-onset) than for the old-old group (at 300 ms post-cue-onset). With a short-duration cue (Exp. 2), validity effects developed rapidly (by 100 ms) for all three groups, suggesting that validity effects resulted from reflexive orienting based on the gaze cue information rather than from cue–target conflict. Thus, although old-old adults may be slow to disengage from persistent gaze cues, attention continues to be reflexively guided by gaze cues late in life. 相似文献
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Chris Thornton 《Cognitive Science》2021,45(5):e12929
Semantic composition in language must be closely related to semantic composition in thought. But the way the two processes are explained differs considerably. Focusing primarily on propositional content, language theorists generally take semantic composition to be a truth-conditional process. Focusing more on extensional content, cognitive theorists take it to be a form of concept combination. But though deep, this disconnect is not irreconcilable. Both areas of theory assume that extensional (i.e., denotational) meanings must play a role. As this article demonstrates, they also have the potential to fulfill a mediative function. What is shown is that extensional meanings are themselves inherently compositional. On this basis, it becomes possible to model semantic composition without assuming the existence of any specifically linguistic/conceptual apparatus. Examples are presented to demonstrate this direct style of modeling. Abstract connections between composition in thought and language can then be made, raising the prospect of a more unified, theoretical account of semantic composition. 相似文献
120.
Alvaro Sanchez-Lopez Marie-Anne Vanderhasselt Jens Allaert Chris Baeken Rudi De Raedt 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2018,18(3):485-494