Fairness and bargaining power in threshold public goods experiments

Experiments on three two‐person threshold public good provision games, namely, the simultaneous, sequential, and dictator games, are conducted to explore the motives behind giving. Players who move simultaneously are endowed with equal bargaining power, and players who move first are endowed with more bargaining power than players who move subsequently. Dictators are indubitably endowed with complete bargaining power. Since the differences between the bargaining powers of two players increase from the simultaneous to the sequential to the dictator game, comparisons among games allow us to trace whether the contribution behavior is motivated by fairness or is simply due to the strategic concern. The experimental evidence shows that the strategic concern explains the overall contribution behavior better than the motive of fairness. However, in the final round 26% of the dictators share the threshold evenly with their opponents, suggesting that some subjects do play fairly. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

论抗震救灾伟大精神

在同特大地震灾害的艰苦搏斗中,我们的民族和人民展示出了十分崇高的精神.这就是万众一心、众志成城,不畏艰险、百折不挠,以人为本、尊重科学的伟大抗震救灾精神.中国特色社会主义的制度、改革开放30年经济的持续发展、优秀革命道德传统是抗震救灾伟大精神的政治、经济和伦理基础.以中华民族精神和社会主义道德为基本内涵的抗震救灾伟大精神,是民族文化最本质、最集中的体现.以公仆精神集中体现的行政伦理精神在抗震救灾中得以弘扬.成为抗震救灾伟大精神的重要组成部分.     

Dissolving the diaspora: Dialogical practice in the development of deep multiculturalism

This article is an exposition of deep or critical multiculturalism that is grounded in a mutually respectful dialogue. Such multiculturalism names historical oppressions, recognizes the structural causes of injustice and inequality, and is profoundly open to cultural critique, challenge and change. In order to promote such a multicultural practice, the article makes the case for a dialogical politics of deep and mutual respect in which ethno‐religious sensibilities are validated and welcomed in their rich diversity. In doing so, the article draws upon the author's empirical research on the Muslim minority in contemporary Canada. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mechanical restraints as positive reinforcers for aggression

Research suggests that, in some cases, mechanical restraints may function as positive reinforcers. In this study, we conducted a functional analysis of severe aggression exhibited by an individual with a history of wearing arm splints. The results of this functional analysis demonstrated that his aggression was maintained by access to the arm splints. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

由"宗经"至"宗骚"——刘师培与传统文论批评模式的现代转换

在传统文化向现代转型期,伴随着经学地位的衰落,传统文学批评模式也发生了新变。刘师培把西方的审美观念引入文学理论的研究,将传统“宗经”的批评模式转换为“宗骚”,这一变革深刻反映了转型期文论发展的趋势,呈现传统走向现代的轨迹。     

谓词抽象及其作用

当今,命题模态逻辑作为一种标准的形式工具,已被广泛应用于计算机科学和人工智能的各个领域.然而,与命题模态逻辑不同,通常的一阶模态逻辑语言的表达力是不充分的,这是许多重要问题背后的原因所在,这些重要问题包括:模态逻辑中没能出现与经典逻辑相媲美的赫伯兰(Herbrand)定理、非严格指称问题、同一性问题、罗素的限定摹状词理论、动态逻辑的指派表达等等.美国当代逻辑学家、证明论专家菲汀(M.C.Fitting)充分认识到通常的一阶模态逻辑表达力不充分所产生的弊端,他通过把谓词抽象引入通常的一阶模态逻辑的语形和语义,以一种极其简单和自然的形式加强了一阶模态语言的表达力,从而使上述问题迎刃而解.本文首先介绍谓词抽象的基本思想及其简史,然后重点阐述谓词抽象在模态赫伯兰定理以及其他领域的重要作用.     

舒芬太尼与芬太尼复合罗哌卡因用于小儿术后镇痛效果比较研究

为了观察舒芬太尼或芬太尼复合罗哌卡因用于小儿术后镇痛的效果及其不良反应,选择ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级行择期下腹部手术的小儿50例,随机分为两组,各25例,术后分别使用0．5μg·m^-1舒芬太尼或2μg·ml^-1芬太尼复合0．1％罗哌卡因行硬膜外病人自控镇痛,观察术后24h镇痛效果及其不反应。结果显示,舒芬太尼组术后24h静态和活动时镇痛效果优于芬太尼组（P〈0．05）,恶心、呕吐发生率低,程度轻（P〈0．05）。因此,舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因可安全用于小儿下腹部术后镇痛,效果优于芬太尼复合罗哌卡因。     

Experimental analysis of preschool playmate preferences as a function of smiles and sex

Differential emotions theory (DET) (The face of emotion. Appleton‐Century‐Crofts: East Norwalk, CT, 1971) posits that the smile functions in part to communicate and/or reflect social affiliation and plays an important role in children's social development. While children's positive emotion expressions have received attention from peer relations researchers in observational studies and within correlational designs, there is almost no experimental evidence for the impact of the smile. Building on existing studies, the present study examined DET predictions within an experimental design. More specifically, we examined the impact smiles have on lower‐income preschool children's nominations for preferred playmates. Both boys and girls tended to nominate unfamiliar playmates who smiled. Additionally, some evidence suggested that preference for smiling playmates seemed more critical to girls' than boys' social functioning. Unlike among boys, teachers rated girls who exhibited a greater preference for smiling playmates as higher in social competence. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Associations between mothers' sensitivity to their infants' internal states and children's later understanding of mind and emotion

This study investigated associations between mother–infant interactions and children's subsequent understanding of mind and emotion. Mothers' tendency to comment on their infants' internal world and their general sensitivity to their infants' internal states were measured through coded play interactions at 10 months. The latter measurement included ratings on four aspects of maternal behaviour: mindful facilitation, joint attention commenting, pacing, and affect catching. In contrast to mothers' internal state language, these behaviours did not tap mothers' explicit linguistic representation of their infants' mental states. At 54 months, children's understanding of mind and emotion was measured through a range of false‐belief tasks and an emotion‐understanding task. Multivariate analysis revealed direct positive links between mothers' sensitivity to their infants' internal states and children's later understanding of mind. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.