Smooth-pursuit eye tracking in first-episode psychotic patients and their relatives.

We wished to determine the specificity of smooth-pursuit eye tracking dysfunction to schizophrenia and the prevalences of dysfunction among functionally psychotic and normal individuals. Therefore, we investigated pursuit tracking in a large sample of psychotic patients, normal subjects, and first-degree relatives (N = 482). Patients were recruited as part of an epidemiological study of first-episode psychosis that used a broadly based referral network to identify all cases in a major metropolitan area over a 2 1/2-year period. Patients received diagnoses of schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, psychotic mood disorder, and paranoid or other psychotic disorder based on the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 1980). The distribution of tracking performance was bimodal for the schizophrenic patients and their relatives, perhaps reflecting major gene action. Moreover, poor tracking ran in families. Pursuit tracking dysfunction was relatively specific to schizophrenic patients and their relatives and occurred infrequently in other psychotic patients and normal subjects.     

Chinese teenagers' concerns about the future: a cross-national comparison.

Teenagers in the U.S., U.S.S.R., Eastern Europe, Western Europe, and New Zealand have consistently rated death of a parent and nuclear war as their greatest concerns about the future. In the present study, however, Chinese teenagers rated overpopulation and environmental pollution as their greatest concerns; these were usually rated quite low by teenagers in other countries. While still of concern to Chinese teenagers, nuclear war seemed more remote to them than it did to U.S. and U.S.S.R. teenagers and therefore more survivable. Speculation is offered as to how teenagers' concerns reflect those of a country's general population.     

Four bootstrap confidence intervals for the binomial-error model

Confidence intervals for the mean function of the true proportion score ( _x ), where andx respectively denote the true proportion and observed test scores, can be approximated by the Efron, Bayesian, and parametric empirical Bayes (PEB) bootstrap procedures. The similarity of results yielded by all the bootstrap methods suggests the following: the unidentifiability problem of the prior distributiong() can be bypassed with respect to the construction of confidence intervals for the mean function, and a beta distribution forg() is a reasonable assumption for the test scores in compliance with a negative hypergeometric distribution. The PEB bootstrap, which reflects the construction of Morris intervals, is introduced for computing predictive confidence bands for x. It is noted that the effect of test reliability on the precision of interval estimates varies with the two types of confidence statements concerned.The Authors are indebted to the Editor and anonymous reviewers for constructive suggestions and comments. The authors wish to thank Min-Te Chao and Cheng-Der Fuh for some useful suggestions at earlier stages of writing this paper.     

恒河猴数相加能力的初步研究

本实验训练恒河猴对两组其和不超过8的刺激实体(卡片上的黑色圆点)进行相加,再与第三组刺激实体进行数多少的比较判断。实验共有9个训练程序,课题逐次由易到难,刺激的数目也由少到多。有一只恒河猴达到了全部9个程序的训练标准。证明恒河猴的确具有学会把两个数进行相加的能力。这种相加不可能是数数的结果,极可能是在知觉上将它们融合或接合在一起。     

Development of self-recognition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).

Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) demonstrate the ability to recognize themselves in mirrors, yet investigations of the development of self-recognition in chimpanzees are sparse. Twelve young chimpanzees, grouped by age, were given mirror exposure and tested for self-recognition and contingent movement. All 6 juveniles, 4 and 5 years old, exhibited mirror-guided, mark-directed behavior and clear evidence of self-recognition. In contrast, among the infants, only the oldest group of 2 1/2-year-olds exhibited clear evidence of self-recognition. All chimpanzees exhibited both self-directed behaviors and contingent movements. These results suggest that self-recognition occurs at a slightly older age in chimpanzees than in human infants. In humans, self-recognition is linked with other cognitive abilities. The results conform to the general pattern that great apes exhibit many cognitive skills comparable to those of 2-year-old humans.     

胼胝体分步全切病人左右侧命名的不对称

以一位第一次进行胼胝体前部切开,第二次作后部切开的胼胝体全切断患者为被试,在第二次手术前后进行了Ⅰ。左右单侧操作检查,和Ⅱ。两半球之间感觉信息传递两类神经心理学实验。结果提示:后部切断前,左右侧操作没有明显的差异。同时,视觉和触觉的感觉信息的传递基本正常。在后部切断后,命名作业呈右视野和右手优势,图形临摹左手似乎较好,这时视觉和触党的感觉信息的传递发生了障碍。左视野和左手命名高于随机水平,讨论了这一结果与右脑语言的关系。方位比较等多个实验提供了支持两半球协同活动理论的证据。     

选择注意模型的视觉实验研究

本研究以改变了的stroop effect(即不但要求被试分别用两种语言报告字词的颜色,同时刺激词也是两种语言的)作为研究手段来考察选择注意模型,实验结果表明字词的涵义对颜色命名任务产生影响作用,并且在报告用语和书写用语属同一语种的情况下比在属不同语种的情况下,字词的涵义对颜色命名任务有更大的影响作用。对此,作者把语言看作是一种加工通道,根据实验结果,得出结论认为:通道内部的选择注意是反应性的,跨越通道的选择注意是知觉性的,选择注意模型因条件而异。     

中国心理学会召开第五届理事会第一次全体会议

本文介绍了中国心理学会第五届理事会第一次全体会议的情况,包括四个部分内容:(1)第四届理事会工作报告;(2)选举常务理事会及有关专业委员会及工作委员会的调整;(3)通过新会章;(4)讨论及制定第五届理事会工作方针和计划。     

Ambiguity,cubist works of art,and preference

Number of one sec views and verbal judgements of interestingness and pleasingness of Cubist paintings were found to be a function of subjective ambiguity, defined in terms of the Shannon-Wiener average information measure, especially when an expectancy had been established regarding the identity of the main object or person in the paintings. Viewing behaviour was found to increase with subjective ambiguity; verbal judgements were found to decrease. Titles corresponding to varying degrees to the content of the paintings or instructions involving guessing were used to manipulate expectancy. An attempt was made to explain these findings and those involving recall of titles by making reference to Berlyne's point of view and the experimental literature.     

锂盐对大鼠脑单胺类和氨基酸类神经介质含量的影响

本文以111只大鼠为材料,研究了锂盐重度中毒、血清锂达2.67±0.9meq/升,小脑锂达2.05±0.92meq/kg时,脑及各脑区六种单胺类和氨基酸,类物质含量的改变。结果表明,与正常动物相比,脑多巴胺(DA)和谷氨酸(GA)含量显著下降,5-羟色胺(5-HT),5-羟吲哚醋酸,(5-HIAA)和γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)显著增高,去甲基肾上腺素(NE)虽有下降却未达显著水平。就各脑区而言,端脑DA和GA含量显著下降,5-HIAA和GABA显著升高;间脑的NE显著下降,5-HT和GABA显著升高;脑干中除GABA增高外,其他五种测定物未发生显著改变。 这一结果似乎支持了情感活动和情感性精神病的单胺假说;但它并不是锂盐作用的唯一的和特异性机制,它也引起包括脑干在内的各脑区的GABA含量的增高。