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261.
262.
Wei Xiong 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2011,6(2):334-344
The Dutch Book Argument shows that an agent will lose surely in a gamble (a Dutch Book is made) if his degrees of belief do
not satisfy the laws of the probability. Yet a question arises here: What does the Dutch Book imply? This paper firstly argues
that there exists a utility function following Ramsey’s axioms. And then, it explicates the properties of the utility function
and degree of belief respectively. The properties show that coherence in partial beliefs for Subjective Bayesianism means
that the degree of belief, representing a belief ordering, satisfies the laws of probability, and that coherence in preferences
means that the preferences are represented by expected utilities. A coherent belief ordering and a utility scale induce a
coherent preference ordering; a coherent preference ordering induces a coherent belief ordering which can be uniquely represented
by a degree-of-belief function. The preferences (values) and beliefs are both incoherent or disordered if a Dutch Book is
made. 相似文献
263.
Sale E Sambrano S Springer JF Peña C Pan W Kasim R 《American journal of community psychology》2005,36(3-4):195-205
Research regarding prevention strategies for Hispanic youth stress the importance of family interventions because of the particular
importance of family as a protective factor within the Hispanic community. Starting in 1995, the Center for Substance Abuse
Prevention conducted the National Cross-Site Evaluation of High Risk Youth Programs, a 5-year drug and alcohol prevention
study with a sample of approximately 10,500 youth, including nearly 3,000 Hispanic youth. Youth were surveyed regarding their
alcohol use patterns and risk and protective factors, with several measures of family relationships, including family connectedness,
family supervision, and parental attitudes toward their child's alcohol use. Analyses indicate that family factors are highly
linked to alcohol use among Hispanics, particularly among Hispanic females. Longitudinal growth curve analyses indicate that
improving the connections that young Hispanic females have to their parents can have positive long-term effects on delaying
or reducing their alcohol use.
This evaluation was conducted under the direction of Dr. Soledad Sambrano, Ph.D. of the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention
under contract #2777-95-5002 with EMT Associates, Inc. and ORC Macro. The views expressed herein represent the opinions and
analyses of the individual authors and may not necessarily reflect the opinions, official policy, or position of the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration,
or the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention. 相似文献
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265.
Chokron S Bartolomeo P Colliot P Brickman AM Tabert M Wei T Buchsbaum MS 《Brain and cognition》2003,53(2):158-161
When two visual events appear consecutively in the same spatial location, our response to the second event is slower than to the first. This inhibition for repeated events may reflect a bias toward sampling novel locations, a bias useful for exploring visual space. It has been shown that the left hemisphere is more specialized in selective attentional processes than the right one. The aim of the present experiment was to test if this hemispheric specialization for selective attention may also affect the inhibition for repeated events. For this purpose, we asked 11 normal subjects to perform an identity-based discrimination task in which the target to be detected could appear alone or surrounded by flanking letters, in the left or in the right visual field. Results show that inhibition for repeated events is present only when selective attention is required and when the task is performed in the right specialized visual field. 相似文献
266.
Petra Weiß Klaus Kessler Bernd Hildebrandt Hans-Jürgen Eikmeyer 《Kognitionswissenschaft》1999,8(3):108-114
Conceptualization in incremental-integrative\hb language processing Summary. Language is a versatile instrument in co-operatively solving a construction task. In order to understand instructions given during such a task, objects have to be identified and the type of action to be performed has to be determined. The experiments presented show that the way in which objects and actions are conceptualized depends on the linguistic and the non-linguistic, visually available context. Both kinds of information are processed incrementally in an integrative way. The impact of relevant factors, such as the specificity of verbs and object namings, object properties such as color, size, location and the dynamically determined class to which the object belongs was studied. Conclusions for models of language understanding and language production are drawn and requirements for a grammatical formalism suitable for incremental and integrative processing are formulated. Zusammenfassung. Sprache ist ein wichtiges Instrument bei der kooperativen Lösung einer Konstruktionsaufgabe. Zum Verstehen von Handlungsanweisungen im Rahmen dieser Aufgabe müssen Objekte identifiziert und die Art der Handlung erkannt werden. Es werden empirische Untersuchungen vorgestellt, die zeigen, daß die Konzeptualisierung der Objekte und Handlungen vom sprachlichen und nichtsprachlichen, visuell verfügbaren Kontext abhängt. Beide Arten von Kontextinformation werden inkrementell und integrativ verarbeitet. Dazu wurde der Einfluß einzelner Faktoren wie die Spezifität von Verben und Objektbezeichnungen, Objekteigenschaften wie Farbe, Größe und Position sowie die dynamisch zugewiesene Objektklasse und die Wortstellung der benutzten Sprache untersucht. Es werden Folgerungen für die Modellierung von beiden Richtungen der Sprachverarbeitung, Rezeption und Produktion, gezogen und Anforderungen an einen Grammatikformalismus zur inkrementell-integrativen Satzverarbeitung dargestellt. 相似文献
267.
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269.
优、差生解决有机合成的问题表征差异及其影响因素 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
用两个实验探讨了大学本科化学专业优生和差生解决有机合成问题所运用的问题表征的类型及其差异。结果表明:(1)大学生解决有机合成的问题表征有三种类型;符号表征、方法表征和机理表征。(2)优生能灵活运用上述三类问题表征,特别是运用机理表征抓住问题的关键,进而采用方法表征和符号表征来解题;差生则停留于符号表征和方法表征。很少采用机理表征,而方法表征又往往选择错误,因而不能正确解题。(3)优,差生在问题表征上的差异与其知识总量和知识结构有密切相关。 相似文献
270.
Emotional tears tend to increase perceived sadness in facial expressions. However, it is unclear whether tears would still be seen as an indicator of sadness when a tearful face is observed in an emotional context (e.g., a touching moment during a wedding ceremony). We examine the influence of context on the sadness enhancement effect of tears in three studies. In Study 1, participants evaluated tearful or tearless expressions presented without body postures, with emotionally neutral postures, or with emotionally congruent postures (i.e., postures indicating the same emotion as the face). The results show that the presence of tears increases the perceived sadness of faces regardless of context. Similar results are found in Studies 2 and 3, which used visual scenes and written scenarios as contexts, respectively. Our findings demonstrate that tears on faces reliably indicate sadness, even in the presence of contextual information that suggests non-sadness emotions. 相似文献