社会建构主义心理学：“反实在论”还是“实在论”？

“反实在论”与“实在论”之争是当前有关社会建构主义心理学争论的核心。批判者指责社会建构主义心理学是“反实在论”,社会建构主义者则竭力澄清自己的“实在论”立场。该文认为：社会建构主义是一个芜杂的思想体系,任何一种简单的结论都难免失之武断,妨碍对它进一步的认识和理解;把握社会建构主义关键在于对“现实”的理解,社会建构主义的“现实”是统一了主客体的生活的现实,它对主客关系的超越对现代心理学具有重要的方法论意义;对于实在论者,了解实在论特有的问题和局限性,有助于更加理性地认识和参与这场争论。     

初中生在方程学习中学习能力感,学习策略与学业成就关系的研究

探讨了初中生在代数方程学习中,代数能力感与方程能力感两类学习能力感、计划性策略、努力策略与认知策略三类一般学习策略、适宜性策略和多样性策略两类方程具体策略与学业成就之间的关系。研究结果表明,方程成绩优秀生和不良生在学习能力感和学习策略上存在着显著的差异,两类具体策略和两类能力感对方程成绩具有显著的影响。     

Matrix derivatives and its applications in statistics

The scalar values of differentials rather than symbolic derivatives are treated here. This approach simplifies the differential calculus in statistics because, often, the linear representations of differentials in statistics (1) are complicated, (2) depend on the bases used, (3) can be obtained by the scalar values on elements of a given basis, and (4) are not necessary for many problems of finding maxima and minima. Among others, a product rule is obtained in a very general and simple form. The results are applied to certain problems in multivariate statistical analysis that are useful to psychology and other behavioral sciences.     

Working with animals: Implications for employees’ compassion,awe, prosocial behavior,and task performance

Human-animal work represents a collaboration between humans and animals to achieve work goals, and is common in the domains of healthcare, therapy, entertainment, and education. Although the scope and types of human-animal work is diversifying and increasing, organizational scholars have yet to explore its impacts on employees. Drawing from the models of compassion and mind perception theories, we first develop a theoretical model pertaining to the development of compassion as a result of human-animal work. In a study with zookeepers (Study 1), we find that human-animal work evokes the emotion of compassion, which in turn is positively associated with employee prosocial behavior and task performance. These mediated effects are moderated by how employees perceive animals—employees are more likely to experience compassion, and in turn, become more prosocial and work better when they generally perceive animals to be able to experience emotions and bodily sensations. Furthermore, two follow-up studies (i.e., Studies 2 and 3) with employees who engage in human-animal work in Hong Kong and the United States reveal that working with animals evokes awe in addition to compassion, and provides insight into their resultant impact on prosocial behavior and task performance. We end by discussing the theoretical and practical implications of this work.     

3~6岁汉语儿童语言能力与错误信念理解关系的元分析

本研究综合了来自中国大陆1581名3~6岁儿童的语言能力与错误信念关系的19个研究的数据, 通过元分析考查了二者相关的强度, 并分析了影响相关强度的因素, 包括所测量的语言能力及研究使用的错误信念任务的差异等。结果显示当控制了儿童的年龄后, 语言能力和错误信念之间存在中等强度的相关; 研究中所测查的语言能力的类型、使用的错误信念的测量任务的类型不会对语言能力和错误信念的关系强度产生影响。     

中医辨证思维的常法与变法

中医辨证思维涉及到"常法"与"变法"的概念,对反映在辨证分析方法中的常法与变法、中医辨证的思辨方法中的常法与变法、中医辨证原理应用的常法与变法加以研究,有利于思辨能力和医疗水平的提高.     

Impact of Social and Structural Influence Interventions on Condom Use and Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Establishment-Based Female Bar Workers in the Philippines

This quasi-experimental study evaluated the influence of structural intervention components (e.g., changing organizational and social influence factors) in reducing biological sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and reports of unprotected sex among female bar workers (FBWs) in the Philippines (N = 369 at baseline). Recruited from four large southern Philippines cities, FBWs were exposed to a standard care, a manager influence, a peer influence, or a combined manager/peer influence condition. After the two-year intervention period, FBWs in the combined peer and manager intervention condition showed greater reductions in STIs and unprotected sex relative to those in the standard care condition. FBWs in the combined and the manager only conditions also showed a decrease in STIs compared to those in the standard care condition. Managers in the standard care condition reported lower positive condom attitudes and lower attendance at HIV/AIDS related training sessions compared to those in the combined condition. The combined effect of managers and peers had a positive, synergistic effect on condom use behavior and STI reduction compared to the standard care. This research provides empirical evidence that structural changes such as rules, regulations, and increased accessibility of condoms must be in combination with normative changes (individuals' attitudes, beliefs and normative expectancies) in order to achieve the greatest benefit in condom use behavior and STI reduction/prevention.     

论《管子》的经解体及其特征

《管子》的文体是十分丰富的,其文体可以分为论说文、记叙文、经解体等八类。而经解体又可分为两类：一类是一篇文章之中前经后解,经文和解文同在一篇文章之中;另一类是对《经言》部分经文的逐句解释,经文和解文皆单独成篇。     

Parental Psychological Control and Peer Victimization among Chinese Adolescents: The Effect of Peer Pressure as a Mediator

Peer victimization is a serious problem among children and adolescents. Family and peers are two of the most proximal and influential microsystems for children. The present study examined the influence of parental psychological control and peer pressure on peer victimization. According to social learning theory and attachment theory, parent–child interactions may serve as a model of peer interactions. Therefore, we proposed the hypothesis that peer pressure functioned as a mediator in the association between parental psychological control and peer victimization. We tested this hypothesis in a sample of Chinese adolescents and examined whether this mediation model varied by gender. Participants were 2382 seventh grade students (1166 girls and 1216 boys) in Beijing, China. The results showed that both parental psychological control and peer pressure were positively associated with peer victimization in Chinese adolescents. Additionally, peer pressure partially mediated the effect of psychological control on peer victimization. Furthermore, multi-group comparisons showed that gender differences existed in the mediation model. The direct effect of psychological control on peer victimization was a little larger in boys, whereas the indirect effect was larger in girls. The findings suggest that parental psychological control contributes to peer victimization in non-Western culture as well. These findings also improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in peer victimization by interrelating family and peer factors.