优差生亲子沟通与认知和情绪压力的关系

研究对优生、差生与其父母围绕数学问题解决而展开的沟通过程进行观察,并采用量表法测量其感受到的认知和情绪压力,以考察两变量之间的关系及优、差生在两者得分上的差异。结果发现：（1）优生无论在沟通行为次数上,还是在沟通行为类型上都表现出一些积极特征;（2）优生的二级认知压力显著高于差生,一级认知压力和情绪压力显著低于差生;（3）督促、指责等消极沟通行为都与一级认知压力和情绪压力存在正相关,而积极沟通行为,如方法指导等则与一级认知压力、情绪压力呈显著负相关;一级认知压力与正确提议比例之间存在显著负相关。     

高中生压力源和心理健康的研究

本研究对２９８６名上海高中生对压力感受进行了调查。因素分担 些压力可以归为六大类别：社会人际关系及性发展方面,学习和学业方面,与发母交往方面,未来前途方面,经济方面,以及健康方面。资料显示高中生最大的三种压力源多与学习或学业有关,而压力最小的三种压力源主要与性发展的和健康有关。     

What leads to coordinated attention in parent–toddler interactions? Children's hearing status matters

Coordinated attention between children and their parents plays an important role in their social, language, and cognitive development. The current study used head‐mounted eye‐trackers to investigate the effects of children's prelingual hearing loss on how they achieve coordinated attention with their hearing parents during free‐flowing object play. We found that toddlers with hearing loss (age: 24–37 months) had similar overall gaze patterns (e.g., gaze length and proportion of face looking) as their normal‐hearing peers. In addition, children's hearing status did not affect how likely parents and children attended to the same object at the same time during play. However, when following parents' attention, children with hearing loss used both parents' gaze directions and hand actions as cues, whereas children with normal hearing mainly relied on parents' hand actions. The diversity of pathways leading to coordinated attention suggests the flexibility and robustness of developing systems in using multiple pathways to achieve the same functional end.     

语素意识与听写的双向预测关系:来自追踪研究的证据

听写是个体书面语言发展的重要任务之一,语素意识作为阅读认知技能,与听写关系密切。为探究语素意识和听写的双向预测关系,对小学一、五年级共294名儿童的语素意识（同音语素意识、同形语素意识）和听写进行了为期一年的追踪研究。在控制了智力、年龄、语音意识和自回归效应后,结果发现：（1）一年级儿童的同音语素意识和同形语素意识对听写具有跨时间点的正向预测作用（解释率分别为7%、8%）,而五年级儿童的语素意识对听写的跨时间点预测作用不显著;（2）五年级儿童的听写对同音语素意识和同形语素意识具有跨时间点的正向预测作用（解释率分别为5%、6%）,而一年级儿童的听写对语素意识跨时间点的预测作用不显著。研究结果表明汉语儿童的语素意识和听写是单向的预测关系,二者关系随年级的变化而变化。     

Actor–Partner Interdependence of Compassion toward Others with Qualities of Marital Relationship and Parent–Child Relationships in Chinese Families

Considering the nature of compassion and cultural and times characteristics of Chinese families, individuals' general dispositional compassion toward others may have potential benefits for relationship qualities in Chinese families. In this study, we explored how men's and women's compassion related to their own (actor effects) and the partners' (partner effects) marital relationship and parent–child relationships, respectively, using the Actor–Partner Interdependent Model. Participants were from a cross-sectional sample of 534 Chinese heterosexual married couples (females' mean age = 37.20, SD = 4.28; males' mean age = 40.29, SD = 5.39) whose biological children were pupils (mean age = 9.28, SD = 1.11). Results revealed that: (a) within marital relationships, couple members' actor effects and partner effects were found both significant; but (b) within parent–child relationships, couple members' actor effects were significant, whereas only mothers' partner effect of compassion on father–child relationship was significant. These findings support the benefits of couple members' individual compassion with respect to family relationship quality in contemporary China. Limitations, implications, and future directions are discussed.     

探测金星的历程(三)

美国对金星的探测美国于1961年7月22日发射“水手1号”金星探测器,升空不久因偏离航向,只好自行引爆。 1962年8月27日,美国的“水手2号”金星探测器发射成功。同年12月14日,“水手2号”从距金星34800千米处飞过,探测了金星的大气温度, 揭开了人类探测金星的序幕。1962年8月27日发     

学龄前儿童握笔姿势的发展性研究

以握笔画圆为测查任务,考察了学龄前儿童握笔姿势的发展趋势及特点.结果表明3.5-5.5岁是儿童握笔姿势的迅速发展期,大部分儿童在5.5岁发展到成熟的握笔姿势,5.5-6.5岁发展相对平缓.学龄前儿童握笔姿势的发展趋势表现为自然阶段和过渡阶段握笔姿势的减少,成熟阶段握笔姿势的不断增多.中美儿童握笔姿势的发展趋势基本一致,但是中国学龄前儿童使用成熟阶段握姿的比率要低于美国儿童.     

Suicide and Its Association with Individual,Family, Peer,and School Factors in an Adolescent Population in Southern Taiwan

A representative sample of 10,233 adolescent students was recruited to examine the rate of suicidal attempt and its correlates in the adolescents living in southern Taiwan. Five questions from the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (Kiddie‐SADS‐E) were used to inquire about the participants' suicidality. The associations between suicidal attempt and multidimensional factors were examined by using logistic regression analysis: 9.1% of the participants reported a suicidal attempt in the preceding year. Female gender, low self‐esteem, weekly alcohol use, illicit drugs use, depression, high family conflict, low maternal education level, poor family function, low connectedness to school, low rank, poor feeling in peer group, and drop out from school were associated with adolescent suicidal attempt. The rate of suicidal attempt was found to be high in Taiwanese adolescents, and multidimensional factors were correlated to adolescent suicidal attempt.     

孕中期胎儿出生缺陷产前筛查2321例分析

探讨孕妇孕中期血清标志物产前筛查唐氏综合征为主的先天缺陷,应用酶联免疫法检测孕中期血清标记物(AFP、Fβ-HCG),2321例孕妇中检出各类高风险人群共260例,其中DS高风险有219例,占筛查总数的9.4%;NTD风险37例,占筛查总数的1.6%;18及13三体高风险4例,占0.2%,确诊异常胎儿9例,其中染色体异常7例,脊柱裂2例。孕中期应用母血清二联生化指标进行产前筛查是可行的。结合产前诊断是减少出生缺陷发生的重要手段之一。     

曹雪芹巧戏“马大仙”

读过《红楼梦》的人都知道书中有个“马道婆”。靠着装神弄鬼骗取钱财,传说这是曹雪芹根据一个真实的故事写成的。据说曹雪芹在京西香山键锐营写《红楼梦》时,营子里有个外号叫“马大仙”的妇人,本名马二秀,年幼时父母双亡,17岁上跟着一个道士到西山的云霞观里当了道姑。可她吃不了出家人