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221.
The authors studied 2-handed catching behavior in 10 children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD), aged 7-10 years old, and their typically developing peers (TDC). Participants performed 15 catches, and the authors examined kinematics of both transport and grasp phases. In terms of the transport phase, movement initiation and movement time was longer and peak deceleration was earlier in children with DCD. In addition, such children initiated the grasp phase earlier, and their maximal grasp aperture was larger. In children with DCD, the time to maximal grasp aperture was more variable, and that aperture was earlier when the authors examined it with respect to the transport phase of the catch. The data suggest that children with DCD may use a decomposition strategy to simplify the movement control of the transport and grasp phases of a catch. 相似文献
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Cheryl L. Nicholas 《Sexuality & culture》2004,8(1):60-86
This paper examines eye-gaze associated with identity recognition among gay men and lesbians. Eye-gaze is argued to be crucial
to forces that either trigger or reinforce one gay person’s perception of another person’s gay identity during social encounters.
“Gaydar” is the folk concept used within the gay and lesbian culture to name this identity recognition device. An ethnography
on Gaydar conducted over a period of three years reveals that eye-gaze in relation to Gaydar includes two different variations
of visual contact, the direct and the broken stare. These types of gaze can be accentuated by the presence of other forms
of nonverbal communication such as posture, gestures, and smiles. Consciousness in relation to eye-gaze is also discussed
to be a distinct trigger and reinforcer of gay and lesbian identity recognition. 相似文献
225.
This study assessed Internet use and attitudes toward illicit use of the Internet in a sample of Russian college students. A sample comprised of 198 students was recruited from a university in Moscow. Each participant completed a survey assessing demographic characteristics, Internet use, and attitudes towards engaging in illicit behaviors over the Internet. About half of the students reported that they used the Internet at least several times a year, with 8% reporting daily use of the Internet. Among Internet users, most reported having Internet access either at home or at a friends' home, and 16 % reported having Internet access from work, school, or a computer center. Among Internet users, the main purpose was for school-related activities (60%), followed by e-mail (55%), entertainment (50%), chatting (24%), and searching for pornography (6%). Although most students thought it was inappropriate to read someone else's e-mail, use someone else's password or credit card information without their permission, or break into someone's computer, many students did endorse those illicit behaviors. Over a fifth of the students reported that they knew hackers. Forty three percent of students agreed that people make too much fuss about watching videos, movies or downloading music on the Internet without paying. Males were more likely than females to report using the Internet for entertainment purposes (p = 0.006) and were more likely to agree that it was okay to break into someone's computer (p = 0.04). The results of this study suggest that these Russian college students predominately use the Internet to help with their schoolwork, to communicate with others, and for entertainment. These results also suggest that interventions may be useful to change attitudes endorsing illicit uses of the Internet. 相似文献
226.
William H. Ross Cheryl Brantmeier Tina Ciriacks 《Journal of applied social psychology》2002,32(6):1151-1188
The authors investigated the effects of hybrid third‐party procedures on constituents' procedural and distributive fairness judgments. In Experiment 1, three independent variables were manipulated: third‐party procedure (Med–Arb vs. Arb–Med), concession making during mediation (concessions vs. no concessions), and role (labor vs. management). Participants viewed Med–Arb as fairer than Arb–Med. In Experiment 2, three factors were again manipulated: third‐party procedure (Med–Arb vs. Arb–Med), whether confidential information was revealed during mediation (confidential information revealed vs. not revealed), and arbitration outcomes (winning vs. losing). Results suggest that when no confidential information was revealed, Med–Arb was significantly fairer than Arb–Med, but if confidential information was revealed, then both procedures were equally fair. Results are discussed in terms of procedural design. 相似文献
227.
ObjectivesSocial goal orientations, which reflect ways of conceptualizing competence in terms of social relationships with others, have been researched minimally in the physical domain. While the relationship between task and ego orientations and motivational outcomes has been well-studied, the link of friendship, group acceptance, and coach praise orientations with enjoyment, perceived physical competence, and intrinsic motivation warrants further study.MethodMale and female middle-school students (N = 303) completed questionnaires assessing task, ego, coach praise, friendship, and group acceptance orientations; enjoyment; perceived physical competence; and motivation. Two approaches to data analysis (variable-centered, person-centered) examined whether social orientations were significantly related to motivational outcomes among adolescents.ResultsVariable-centered analysis (i.e., canonical correlation) showed that social orientations were related to enjoyment, perceived physical competence, and intrinsic motivation. Person-centered analyses (i.e., cluster analysis, MANOVA) classified participants with similar patterns of goal orientations and then compared the emergent groups on motivational outcomes. Participants who defined success using either higher task, ego, and social goal orientations or higher friendship and lower ego orientations reported the most adaptive responses (higher perceived competence, enjoyment, and intrinsic motivation).ConclusionsSocial orientations in sport are important to consider alongside task and ego orientations in research stemming from achievement goal theory. Defining success or competence in terms of social relationships can have positive motivational benefits in sport. 相似文献
228.
Cognitive consequences of affirming the self: The relationship between self-affirmation and object construal 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Previous research suggests that affirming one’s important values is a powerful way of protecting one’s general self integrity, allowing non-defensive processing of self-relevant information. In a series of four studies linking self-affirmation with construal level, we find that in addition to any self buffering effect, thinking about one’s values and why they are important more generally shifts cognitive processing towards superordinate and structured thinking. Self-affirmation leads participants to perceive a greater degree of structure within their selves (Study 1), to increasingly identify actions in terms of their end-states (Study 2), to more strongly distinguish between primary and secondary object features (Study 3) and to perform better on tasks requiring abstract, structured thinking than those requiring detail-oriented, concrete thinking. Together, these findings suggest that thinking about important values helps individuals to structure information and focus on the big picture. 相似文献
229.
Two studies examined whether nonreinforcement of a stimulus in multiple contexts, instead of a single context, would decrease renewal of conditioned fear in rats (as assessed by conditioned suppression of lever pressing). In Experiment 1, renewal was measured after 36 nonreinforced CS trials delivered during six extinction sessions in a single context or two extinction sessions in each of three different contexts. The number of extinction contexts did not have an effect on renewal. In Experiment 2, groups received either 36 or 144 nonreinforced CS trials during six or twenty-four extinction sessions in a single context or three different contexts. Again, renewal was not influenced by the number of extinction contexts when only 36 trials were given. However, when 144 trials were used, renewal was completely eliminated when extinction was divided between 3 contexts, but was not weakened when the sessions took place in a single context. The results suggest that the use of multiple treatment settings in exposure-based therapies is only likely to reduce relapse if a sufficient number of sessions are provided in each of the treatment settings. 相似文献
230.