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161.
Diurnal Patterns of Unpleasant Mood: Associations with Neuroticism, Depression, and Anxiety 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The literature on symptoms of depression has included diurnal changes in mood. The morning-worse pattern is commonly mentioned. This pattern is often associated with endogenous or vegetative symptoms (e.g., weight and appetite loss, loss of pleasure, psychomotor retardation). However, depression researchers have also identified an evening-worse pattern of mood. This pattern is sometimes thought to be associated with milder depressive symptoms, and may characterize chronic dysthymia rather than clinical depression. The present study examines a nonclinical sample to test the hypothesis that an evening-worse diurnal pattern of mood would be associated with trait neuroticism, anxiety, and subclinical depressive symptoms. An experience sampling methodology was employed to assess mood three times a day for 60 consecutive days. This allowed us to calculate a reliable aggregate score for diurnal mood patterns. The evening-worse pattern was associated with many neurotic features, with scores on depression and anxiety measures, and with a cognitive style indicative of hopelessness. Discussion focuses on how an evening-worse diurnal pattern of mood may be indicative of mild subclinical depression, chronic dysthymia, or personality traits associated with negative affectivity. 相似文献
162.
Bess H. Marcus Cheryl A. Eaton Joseph S. Rossi Lisa L. Harlow 《Journal of applied social psychology》1994,24(6):489-508
Exercise has important health benefits but a large proportion of the population is physically inactive. We examined the stages of readiness to exercise and their relationship to self-efficacy, the costs and benefits of exercising, and self-report of physical activity in a sample of Rhode Island worksites. Using a three-step model-building approach, exploratory principal components analyses were followed by an examination of the stages of change model with confirmatory structural equation modeling procedures. The model was then examined with longitudinal data. Confirmatory and longitudinal analyses showed an excellent tit between the model and the data. Results indicated that the costs and benefits of exercise and self-efficacy for exercise were related to physical activity only indirectly, through the mediation of stage of readiness to exercise. Structural modeling fit indices revealed that much of the variation and covariation in physical activity was explained by the model. There is the potential to enhance the impact of exercise interventions, by targeting them so as to address factors related to these different stages of readiness. 相似文献
163.
ABSTRACT When individuals talk or think about upsetting experiences, different coping and defensive processes are invoked from one minute to the next. Further, some coping strategies are thought to be more effortful and to be associated with greater biological activity than others. The present research sought to identify how the expression of emotions and the use of different psychological defenses were reflected in momentary changes in autonomic nervous system activity while subjects wrote about emotional topics. A new methodology is introduced that links the production of natural written language with autonomic activity on a word-by-word or phrase-by-phrase basis. Using this technique with a sample of 24 subjects who wrote about traumatic experiences, it was found that certain text dimensions are highly related to skin conductance level (SCL) but not heart rate. In general, subjects' SCLs increased when expressing negative emotions and when using denial and the passive voice. SCLs were more likely to drop when subjects used positive emotion words and self-references and at the conclusion of sentences or thought units. Implications for this methodology for understanding psychological defense and physical health are discussed. 相似文献
164.
Jim Rast James M. Johnston Cheryl Drum James Conrin 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1981,14(2):121-130
Preliminary work suggested that the quantity of food ingested by retarded individuals who usually ruminated following meals was related to the frequency and duration of ruminating responses. This possible relation was experimentally examined by systematically varying food quantity from regular portions to satiation levels for three retarded individuals who exhibited high levels of ruminating. A clear functional relation of food quantity to ruminating emerged, with satiation procedures producing rapid and large decreases in the relatively high frequencies and durations of ruminating characteristic of baseline food quantity conditions. 相似文献
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166.
Ziskin has mounted a concerted attack on the scientific basis of psychology and psychiatry and their ability to provide expertise to the courts. He has assailed both the clinical methods and conclusions rendered by these mental health professionals. To rebut expert testimony, Ziskin has proposed general principles of cross-examination. We discuss the limitations of this model and provide an initial study of its effectiveness. 相似文献
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168.
Nicholas P. Spanos Cheryl A. Burgess Melissa F. Burgess Catherine Samuels William O. Blois 《Applied cognitive psychology》1999,13(3):201-218
This study was designed to test the conditions under while false memory reports are likely to be elicited from hypnotic and non‐hypnotic participants. Low, medium and high hypnotizables were administered either a hypnotic or non‐hypnotic suggestion for regression to the day after birth. False memories of infancy were generated in 68 of 78 age‐regressed participants, nearly half of whom reported strong beliefs in the reality of their recovered ‘memories’. Non‐hypnotic participants were slightly but significantly more likely to report infancy experiences than were hypnotic participants. However, hypnotizability did not have a significant effect on the classification of these experiences as memories or as fantasies. Implications for the experimental and clinical contexts are discussed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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170.
Two experiments tested the hypothesis that alcohol increases race-biased responding via impairment of self-regulatory cognitive control. Participants consumed either a placebo or alcohol and then made speeded responses to stereotypic trait words presented after White and Black face primes while behavioral and event-related brain potential (ERP) data were recorded. Alcohol did not affect stereotype activation in either experiment. Experiment 2 showed that alcohol significantly impaired the ability to inhibit race-biased responses but did not reliably influence control of counterstereotypic responses. This disinhibition appears driven by impairment of regulative cognitive control, as indexed by amplitude of the negative slow wave ERP component. These findings suggest that controlling racial bias can be a function of effective implementation of basic self-regulatory processes in addition to the motivational processes identified in other research. 相似文献