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471.
Five experiments on honeybees examined how the learning of a second task interferes with what was previously learned. Free
flying bees were tested for landmark-based memory in variations on a paradigm of retroactive interference. Bees first learned
Task 1, were tested on Task 1 (Test 1), then learned Task 2, and were tested again on Task 1 (Test 2). A 60-min delay (waiting
in a box) before Test 2 caused no performance decrements. If the two tasks had conflicting response requirements, (e.g., target
right of a green landmark in Task 1 and left of a blue landmark in Task 2), then a strong decrement on Test 2 was found (retroactive
interference effect). When response competition was minimised during training or testing, however, the decrement on Test 2
was small or nonexistent. The results implicate response competition as a major contributor to the retroactive interference
effect. The honeybee seems to hold on to memories; new memories do not wipe out old ones. 相似文献
472.
Generalisation: mechanistic and functional explanations 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cheng K 《Animal cognition》2002,5(1):33-40
An overview of mechanistic and functional accounts of stimulus generalisation is given. Mechanistic accounts rely on the
process of spreading activation across units representing stimuli. Different models implement the spread in different ways,
ranging from diffusion to connectionist networks. A functional account proposed by Shepard analyses the probabilistic structure
of the world for invariants. A universal law based on one such invariant claims that under a suitable scaling of the stimulus
dimension, generalisation gradients should be approximately exponential in shape. Data from both vertebrates and invertebrates
so far uphold Shepard's law. Some data on spatial generalisation in honeybees are presented to illustrate how Shepard's law
can be used to determine the metric for combining discrepancies in different stimulus dimensions. The phenomenon of peak shift
is discussed. Comments on mechanistic and functional approaches to generalisation are given.
Accepted after revision: 10 September 2001
Electronic Publication 相似文献
473.
Buehner MJ Cheng PW Clifford D 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2003,29(6):1119-1140
How humans infer causation from covariation has been the subject of a vigorous debate, most recently between the computational causal power account (P. W. Cheng, 1997) and associative learning theorists (e.g., K. Lober & D. R. Shanks, 2000). Whereas most researchers in the subject area agree that causal power as computed by the power PC theory offers a normative account of the inductive process. Lober and Shanks, among others, have questioned the empirical validity of the theory. This article offers a full report and additional analyses of the original study featured in Lober and Shanks's critique (M. J. Buehner & P. W. Cheng, 1997) and reports tests of Lober and Shanks's and other explanations of the pattern of causal judgments. Deviations from normativity, including the outcome-density bias, were found to be misperceptions of the input or other artifacts of the experimental procedures rather than inherent to the process of causal induction. 相似文献
474.
Li-Keng Cheng 《Journal of Consumer Behaviour》2023,22(1):67-81
We investigated the effects of service robots' anthropomorphism on consumers' attribution and forgiveness of service failure. By manipulating the levels of anthropomorphism in service robots in three experiments, we evaluated the relationship norms and involvement levels of consumers. Three contributions of our study are as follows. First, most human–robot interaction studies have focused on consumers' dissatisfaction with service robots' service failures. Unfortunately, few studies have investigated the influence of service robots' anthropomorphism levels on consumers' internal attribution and forgiveness of service failure. In the present study, we found a positive correlation between the former and the latter. The findings of this study indicate marketing managers should design their service robots to be less anthropomorphic to reduce the likelihood of consumers making an internal attribution when a service failure occurs and increase their forgiveness of service failure. In addition, to reduce the likelihood of consumers' internal attribution upon service failure, managers may ensure that their service robots explain to the consumers the cause of service failure (e.g., inability to understand consumers' requirements and robots' design-related limitations). Second, consumers' relationship norms moderate the effect of anthropomorphism level on internal attribution. Third, robot anthropomorphism is reportedly effective only when anthropomorphization occurs subconsciously. 相似文献
475.
On the natural selection of reasoning theories 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
476.
经典测验理论和项目反应理论对题目分析的对比研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
项目反应理论(Item Resporse Theory IRT)被一些人认为是当代心理测量三大发展方向之一。在某些方面,它比经典测验理论(Classical TestTheory CTT)更为合理。本文利用1986年上海市师范类高等院校招生考试的理科数学试卷中选择题的实际考试资料,先用CTT计算有关题目指数,再用IRT对题目绘制题目特征曲线ICC(Item Charicteriotic Curve)并按Logstic模型对题目参数作出了估计,从而对题目分析结果作了对比研究。最后,本文对IRT与CTT在我国的运用、提出了若干看法。 相似文献
477.
皮亚杰应是三项图式论者 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文明确提出皮亚杰应是三项图式论者,这涉及到心理学中的许多重大的哲学理论问题。文章分为四个部分:(1)主客体之间的相互作用是以主体活动为中介的;(2)认识信息来源于三项图式构成的环路系统;(3)建构主义的动力机制与三项图式系统的辩证关系;(4)三项图式系统具有客观实在性。总之,皮亚杰的发生认识论并没有违背马克思主义反映论的基本原则。 相似文献
478.
The present study investigated simultaneous-successive syntheses and planning as cognitive processing constructs in 66 grade 4 and 63 grade 6 Chinese children. Principal factor and promax analyses provided evidence of the realities of these independent factors. Simultaneous and successive components contributed to composite reading with varying degrees of variance for each grade. The Luria paradigm provides a useful framework for research into patterns of readers. 相似文献
479.
Honeybees were trained to fly a specific distance, the same over trials, down a tunnel for a reward. After training, they
were tested occasionally with the reward absent. On tests, bees fly to or just past the expected place of reward, then turn
around and fly back. After some distance, they turn back again, and may continue turning back and forth a number of times.
Past research has shown that distance estimation in this task is based on the retinal flow of visual texture on the walls
of the tunnel. Here we measured the errors in distance estimation as a function of training distance. Errors were measured
as the standard deviation across trials of the positions of the first two turns (Turn1 and Turn2), and of the Middle (average of Turn1 and Turn2) and Spread (difference between Turn1 and Turn2). All errors were proportional to the training distance, thus obeying Weber’s law. Models of possible mechanisms underlying
this phenomenon are discussed. The mean Spread matches the errors in Turn1 and Middle, suggesting that the bee chooses the spread of its search to match the expected odometric error.
Received: 28 April 1998 / Accepted after revision: 19 November 1998 相似文献
480.