情绪智力对大学生创业意向的影响:成就动机和创业自我效能感的链式中介作用

为探讨情绪智力、成就动机、创业自我效能感和大学生创业意向之间的关系。使用情绪智力量表、成就动机量表、创业自我效能感量表和创业意向量表对986名大学生进行调查。结果表明:(1)成就动机中介了情绪智力与大学生创业意向之间的关系。(2)创业自我效能感中介了成就动机与大学生创业意向间的关系。(3)创业自我效能感中介了情绪智力与大学生创业意向之间的关系。(4)成就动机和创业自我效能感在情绪智力与大学生创业意向之间起链式中介作用。     

The Ambiguity of Kant's Concept of the Highest Good: Finding the Correct Interpretation

The aim of this paper is to resolve the tension between Kant's doctrine of the highest good and his entire philosophical system. The concept of the highest good is the first major ambiguity of the doctrine. There are three pairs of ambiguities: immanent‐transcendent; justice‐perfection; and individual‐community. They are able to form eight combinations. Corresponding to the various combinations and conceptions of the highest good, interpreters also conceive different reasons for the necessity of the doctrine as well as various conditions of its applicability. For example, some emphasize its religious dimension, whereas others understand it in the political sense. In this paper, I adopt a different approach in understanding the highest good's systematic meaning as the moral confirmation, and suggest that only a transcendent, perfect and communal concept of the highest good can provide the most consistent doctrine. Additionally, it explains the importance of the different branches (such as philosophies of religion and of politics) of Kant's system.     

Age differences in forgiveness: the role of future time perspective

This study investigated whether the age trend in forgiveness is partly attributable to age differences in time perspective. Eighty-nine younger and 91 older adults were randomized into 3 experimental conditions: time-expanded, time-limited, and neutral. They responded to hypothetical offensive scenarios and rated the degree to which they would forgive the perpetrator. Results showed that older adults were more forgiving than younger adults, but regardless of age, those in the time-limited condition were more forgiving than those in the time-expanded or the neutral condition. An Age x Time perspective interaction showed that only in older adults did a time-expanded manipulation lead to lower forgiveness than the neutral condition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved).     

Role of arms in somersaulting from compliant surfaces: a simulation study of springboard standing dives

The role of arms in compliant-surface jumping for maximizing backward somersault rotations is studied using multi-segment models and is applied to springboard diving. The surface (springboard) is modeled by a rigid bar with a rotational spring with a hinged end and point mass at the tip. Planar four- and five-segment human models are used (with the fifth segment representing the arms) and are driven by torque actuators at the ankle, knee, hip, and shoulder. Each joint torque is the product of maximum isometric torque and three variable functions depending on instantaneous joint angle, angular velocity, and activation level, respectively. Movement simulation starts from a balanced initial posture and ends at jump takeoff. The objective is to find joint torque activation patterns during board contact so that the number of backward rotations in flight is maximized. Kinematic differences in jumps with and without arms are mainly in smaller takeoff vertical velocity and more flexed knee and hip in the former. In both jumps, joint torque/activations are similar in their minor flexion-full extension patterns. Maximum hip torque is larger with arms but maximum knee torque is larger without arms. Except at the knee, more joint work can be done with arm swing. Total angular momentum is increased considerably by arm motion because of its remote contribution. Consequently segment remote contributions to total angular momentum are much larger in jumping with arms. Shoulder strength helps generate angular momentum only to a certain limit. If more work is used to generate horizontal velocity away from the board, the amount of total angular momentum is reduced.     

疼痛共情的神经机制

疼痛是一种多维度的体验。情感成分和感觉成分是疼痛体验的主要成分,二者有着不同的神经机制。疼痛共情是痛觉"共鸣"的情绪反应,其神经机制的研究也围绕疼痛的情感成分和感觉成分展开。疼痛共情的情感成分的相关脑区主要有前扣带皮层和脑岛等脑区,与自身疼痛时相比,它们的激活位点及所处的神经网络存在差异;疼痛共情的感觉成分主要与初级感觉皮层以及一些其它的躯体感觉皮层有关,对它们的激活情况的研究受技术手段和实验范式的影响较大。未来的研究应从技术手段、分析方法及实验操作上予以关注。     

作业时间和指导语导向对10-12岁儿童发散性思维的影响

研究者以239名10岁、11岁和12岁的儿童为实验对象,采用四种作业时间(2分钟、4分钟、6分钟和8分钟)和两种指导语导向(无导向、导向独特性)为实验条件,考察了这些条件对儿童发散性思维的影响.结果发现,作业时间和指导语导向对儿童发散性思维的流畅性,变通性和独特性均有明显的影响.在该实验条件下,发散性思维的三个指标随作业时间的增加而增加.有导向组儿童的发散性思维作业成绩显著高于无导向组.另外,在各实验条件下,儿童的作业成绩都有随着年龄的增长而上升的趋势.     

民营企业家的心理演变探析

随着民营经济的不断发展及其对经济社会发展贡献的日益突出、以及中国政府对非公有制经济发展的支持和重视,对民营企业决策者和管理者--即民营企业家的研究也日益受到关注和重视.在此背景下,文章探讨了民营企业家的心理演变阶段及其主要特点:民营企业家基本需求的改变.价值取向的改变,人格素养的改变,社会焦虑的改变,归因方式的改变,应对策略和利益表达方式的改变等;并进一步提出了促进民营企业家心理演变顺利进行的对策.     

学习惰性研究综述

学习惰性是一种普遍存在的消极心理现象,它对学生和成人的学习造成负面影响.相关的研究国外已有而国内尚无.本研究为帮助学习者克服惰性、更好地学习和发展,在文献检索和典籍查阅的基础上,界定了惰性和学习惰性的概念;探讨了学习惰性的危害、成因及其影响因素;从认知、情绪、行为和易发人群等方面辨析了学习惰性与学习倦怠的异同;建议对学习惰性与学习倦怠采取不同的评估、教育和心理干预措施;最后对如何拓宽与深化学习惰性的研究进行了思考.     

提取诱发遗忘的研究现状与展望

提取诱发遗忘强调对相关项目的提取会造成对其竞争项目的抑制,从而导致对这些竞争项目的暂时遗忘。文章阐释了提取诱发遗忘的概念界定与实验范式、有关理论以及实证研究,并重点介绍了提取诱发遗忘的机制研究,对抑制说与非抑制说的争论及实验研究进行了全面的综述,最后指出未来的研究应更侧重于抑制的具体过程、抑制在哪个水平上执行、激活扩展如何被限制及提取诱发遗忘的情境化研究     

学业成就中等生和优良生的成就目标、自我监控与学业成绩关系的比较研究

采用量表法对学业成就中等生的研究发现：与学业优良生相比,学业成就中等生的自我监控水平显著低下;成就目标与学业成绩并无直接关系,但学习目标会通过自我监控间接影响学业成绩;在学业成就中等生中,高学习目标、低成绩目标者表现出更高的自我监控水平。