Scaling relationships in indentation of power-law creep solids using self-similar indenters

We use dimensional analysis to derive scaling relationships for self-similar indenters indenting solids that exhibit power-law creep. We identify the parameter that represents the indentation strain rate. The scaling relationships are applied to several types of indentation creep experiment with constant displacement rate, constant loading rate or constant ratio of loading rate over load. The predictions compare favourably with experimental observations reported in the literature. Finally, a connection is found between creep and 'indentation-size effect' (i.e. changing hardness with indentation depth or load).     

Valence band structure of the NiAl–Mo alloy from the photoelectron spectrum

The valence band structures of the NiAl–Mo alloy was investigated by photoelectron spectroscopy. The valence band spectra of the NiAl–Mo alloy was shifted away from the Fermi level so that the Ni-d-band centroid moved to a higher energy by 0.22 eV as Mo was added. A possible explanation lied in the overlap of Ni-d bands in the energy with Mo-d and Al-p bands. The participation of Mo-d bands was correlated with the site preference of Mo in NiAl alloys.     

Thermoelectric power in low-density interstitial-free iron-aluminium alloys

Thermoelectric power (TEP) studies on low-density interstitial-free iron-aluminium alloys reveal that the TEP decreases with increase in the aluminium content on account of the introduction of lattice dispersion centres. The TEP coefficients, determined from the Nordheim-Gorter law, for 6.8 and 8.1?wt.% aluminium additions to α-iron are found to be higher than values reported in previous literature for small aluminium additions. The grain size has a very weak effect on the TEP of these alloys.     

不同Fan范式下工作记忆对记忆提取的影响

根据Fan范式编写实验材料,以眼动仪为工具,选取40名大学生为被试探讨不同Fan范式下工作记忆对记忆提取的影响。结果表明:工作记忆容量低的条件下,目标项与干扰项的错误率存在显著差异(F=3.72,p<0.05),不同地点Fan等级的反应时存在非常显著差异(F=5.55,p=0.00)以及注视点数存在显著差异(F=3.50,p<0.05)。工作记忆容量的大小对记忆提取的结果有影响,眼动能够有效反映记忆提取的过程,实验支持独立因素眼动模型。     

学业自我概念发展中的大鱼小池效应

大鱼小池效应(Big-Fish-Little-Pond Effect,BFLPE)是指对于同等能力的学生来说,进入高能力水平学校或班级的学生要比进入低能力水平学校或班级的学生习得更低的学业自我概念的现象.这类似于我国生活格言“宁做鸡头,不做凤尾”的描述.在系统梳理大鱼小池效应的理论与实证研究文献的基础上,对大鱼小池效应的研究现状进行了总结和分析,提出了大鱼小池效应对我国学校能力分组和学生择校现象的启示.未来应进一步加强大鱼小池效应在统计方法、跨文化一致性、具体发生情境、具体发生年龄及外部效度等方面的探讨与验证.     

Involuntary attention in the absence of visual awareness

ABSTRACT

Previous studies have found a dissociation between voluntary attention and awareness. Here, we examined the relationship between involuntary attention and awareness. We presented a masked cue such that participants were unaware of the cue. This was followed by a search array, for which participants detected the presence of a shape target. Even though the cue was task irrelevant and unconscious, we observed faster reaction times when either the cue’s location or colour was congruent with shape target. We conclude an unconscious stimulus can elicit both space- and feature-based attention. These results provide further evidence for the dissociation between attention and consciousness.     

Belief in a just world and organisational loyalty: Trust as an underlying mechanism

This research examined whether employees' personal belief in a just world (BJW) is associated with their organisational loyalty and whether this relationship is statistically mediated by organisational trust. To test these hypotheses, we conducted two studies with employees from China (study 1, N = 314) and Germany (study 2, N = 189). The results from both studies supported the proposed model. In addition, study 2 revealed that the relationship between BJW and organisational loyalty persisted when controlling for global personality traits. These suggest that managers and organisations may increase employees' loyalty by providing an environment that fosters their sense of justice and trust.     

Working memory task decreases the survival of newly born neurons in hippocampus

Throughout life new neurons are generated in dentate gyrus of hippocampus. Previous studies have found that spatial tasks can rescue newly born neurons from death. However, it is still unknown whether new neurons are similarly affected by all types of hippocampal-dependent tasks. Here we investigated the possible effects of working memory task (WMT) on immature neurons. Mice were trained in reference memory task and WMT respectively. The reference memory task used the classical hidden platform (HP) water maze task, while WMT used a delayed matching-to-place (DMTP) water maze task. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was administrated during the early or late phase of training, or 1week prior to training, in order to label dividing proliferating cells. After water maze training, the number of BrdU-labeled cells in dentate gyrus of hippocampus was compared. In addition, hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Notch 1 receptor were characterized using Western blot. Serum corticosterone levels were also measured using enzyme immunoassay. Results showed that HP task and DMTP task did not change the number of BrdU-labeled cells produced during the early or late phase of training. As expected, the HP task increased the number of BrdU-labeled cells produced 1 week prior to training. However, DMTP task decreased the number of BrdU-labeled cells produced 1 week prior to training. Both tasks lead to a significant increase in serum corticosterone levels and did not change the expression of BDNF and Notch 1 receptor in hippocampus. Taken together, these results demonstrate that WMT has different effects on survival of immature neurons, and therefore suggests immature neurons may have more than one role depending on the demands of the tasks.     

Examination of a perceived cost model of employees' negative feedback-seeking behavior

The present study extends the feedback-seeking behavior literature by investigating how supervisor-related antecedents (i.e., supervisors' expert power, reflected appraisals of supervisors, and supervisors' emotional intelligence) influence subordinates' negative feedback-seeking behavior (NFSB) through different cost/value perceptions (i.e., expectancy value, self-presentation cost, and ego cost). Using data collected from 216 supervisor-subordinate dyads from various industries in Taiwan, we employ structural equation modeling analysis to test our hypotheses. The results show that expectancy value mediates the relationship between supervisor expert power and subordinates' NFSB. Moreover, self-presentation cost mediates the relationship between reflected appraisals of supervisors' and subordinates' NFSB. Theoretical and practical implications of this study are also discussed.     

Determinants of political trust: a lifetime learning model

This article addresses questions regarding the origins of individual variations in political trust. Using 2 prospective longitudinal studies, we examine the associations between family background, general cognitive ability (g) and school motivation at early age, educational and occupational attainment in adulthood, and political trust measured in early and mid-adulthood in 2 large representative samples of the British population born in 1958 (N = 8,804) and in 1970 (N = 7,194). A lifetime learning model of political trust is tested using structural equation modeling to map the pathways linking early experiences to adult outcomes. Results show that political trust is shaped by both early and later experiences with institutions in society. Individuals who have accumulated more socioeconomic, educational, and motivational resources throughout their life course express higher levels of political trust than do those with fewer resources.