Applicant impression management in job interview: The moderating role of interviewer affectivity

In light of the organizational need to obtain talented personnel, an appropriate evaluation of applicant behaviour in the selection interview is crucial. Extending past research on applicant use of impression management (IM) tactics, this study examines the effects of a broad set of IM tactics in a field setting, and also investigates the moderating roles of two rarely tested interviewer characteristics: interviewer positive affectivity (PA) and negative affectivity (NA). Due to the nested nature of the data, consisting of 142 job applicants and 33 interviewers, we adopt hierarchical linear modelling (HLM) to examine the proposed hypotheses. The results indicate that three IM tactics (self‐focused IM, SFIM; other‐focused IM, OFIM; and non‐verbal IM, NVIM) are significantly positively related to interviewer evaluations. Furthermore, interviewer PA appears to strengthen the positive effects of SFIM tactics on interviewer evaluations, while the effects of NVIM tactics may be weaker when interviewers are high in NA. In addition, these findings suggest the importance of interviewer trait affectivity in explaining interviewer's decision‐making variability, which may lead to low inter‐rater reliability and in turn restrict the level of achievable validity.     

如何认识抗生素这把"双刃剑"——谈抗生素临床应用体会

抗生素是临床最常用的药物之一,它跟其他药物一样,也具有利弊双重性.本文结合临床之所见,从反面浅谈抗生素使用的一些体会.通过介绍抗生素目前面临的问题,提出临床上医生如何规范应用抗生素,以使抗生素发挥最好疗效而弊端降至最低.     

Cultural group perception enhances sense of agency in a multicultural society

Group, which involves collective actions for achieving shared goals, can be conceptually understood as an important source of agency and control. The current research investigated whether group identity salience can enhance sense of agency within the individual. Specifically, we examined whether an activated cultural group identity, through presenting different types of cultural photographs in a predictable way, would facilitate people's sense of agency by using an implicit method, namely, intentional binding effect paradigm. Experiment 1a found that an activated cultural group identity enhanced the sense of agency. Next, Experiment 1b replicated the findings by recruiting a different ethnic group in the same society. Experiment 2 explored what may affect the intensity of induced sense of agency and found that perceived representativeness of the presented cultural stimuli was positively correlated with the intensity of induced sense of agency. Finally, Experiment 3 explored whether ethnic minority and majority groups would demonstrate different intensity of agency when their cultural identity was activated. The results showed that the sense of agency induced by the mainstream cultural stimuli was greater than that induced by the foreign cultural photographs. These patterns were not different between the two ethnic groups. Taken together, these findings reflected the dynamic nature of cultural identity construction in a multicultural society.     

Attributional style and self-esteem as predictors of psychological well being

Background: this study sets out to examine to what extent attributional style (internal, stable, global) and self-esteem predicted positive affect and self-reported happiness in a normal, non-clinical, population of young people in their early 20s. Method: 88 participants completed five questionnaires: Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ in both positive and negative situations), Bradburn Affect Scales (Positive Affect, Negative Affect, and Affect Balance Scale), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale Gurin Happiness Measure, and Oxford Happiness Inventory (OHI). Results: regressional analysis showed that the ASQ was the significant predictor of happiness accounting for 18% of variance. The ASQ in positive and negative situations was significantly inversely correlated with self-esteem. Further, with happiness (the OHI) as dependent variable and attributional style, self-esteem, and demographic variables as independent variables, self-esteem and attributional style (in positive situations) were the significant predictors of happiness accounting for 55% of the total variance. Conclusion: the results indicated that optimistic attributional style in positive situations was a stronger predictor of self-reported happiness than optimistic attributional style in negative situations. The implications of the findings are discussed in terms of cognitive strategies for changing pessimism into optimism thus enhancing happiness or psychological well-being.     

不同意识水平下的情绪启动

实验研究了不同意识水平下情绪启动的机制。我们采用带有褒贬意义的中文语句作为情绪刺激,要求被试在情绪刺激播放响度正常或极低的情境下对不熟悉的法语语句进行评价。结果显示无意识情绪启动显著;有意识情绪启动却未出现。我们认为无意识情绪启动是个体对刺激自动加工的结果;而个体在意识层面的认知加工可能会抑制已唤醒的情绪。另外,情绪刺激的不同排列方式对被试评价的倾向性可能有潜在的影响。     

父亲教养态度与儿童在4～7岁间的问题行为和学校适应

对54名儿童在4岁和7岁时的问题行为及其父亲的教养态度进行追踪研究,在儿童7岁时,根据教师报告考察其学校适应情况。结果发现：父亲的过分关心能显著预测男孩的外显和内隐问题行为;父亲的拒绝和控制能显著预测儿童在学校中的助人行为;从4岁到7岁．父亲的教养态度既有稳定性,又有一定的变化;父亲对待男孩和女孩的教养态度差异显著。     

西方童话与中国神话中人物的人格特征研究

童话和神话中人物的人格特征影响着个体早期的社会化。本文选择了24篇著名的西方童话和中国神话,采用人格形容词评定法,对其中人物的人格特征进行对比研究发现,这些人物既具有人类追求真善美的共性,也表现出不同民族所特有的民族精神和价值观的差异性。分析了这些共性和差异性的表现及其产生原因,阐述了这些人物的人格特征对儿童形成其个性品质、行为模式、道德品质、社会角色等方面的作用和意义。     

The development of children's preferences for equality and equity across 13 individualistic and collectivist cultures

A concern for fairness is a fundamental and universal element of morality. To examine the extent to which cultural norms are integrated into fairness cognitions and influence social preferences regarding equality and equity, a large sample of children (N 2,163) aged 4–11 were tested in 13 diverse countries. Children participated in three versions of a third‐party, contextualized distributive justice game between two hypothetical recipients differing in terms of wealth, merit, and empathy. Social decision‐making in these games revealed universal age‐related shifts from equality‐based to equity‐based distribution motivations across cultures. However, differences in levels of individualism and collectivism between the 13 countries predicted the age and extent to which children favor equity in each condition. Children from the most individualistic cultures endorsed equitable distributions to a greater degree than children from more collectivist cultures when recipients differed in regards to wealth and merit. However, in an empathy context where recipients differed in injury, children from the most collectivist cultures exhibited greater preferences to distribute resource equitably compared to children from more individualistic cultures. Children from the more individualistic cultures also favored equitable distributions at an earlier age than children from more collectivist cultures overall. These results demonstrate aspects of both cross‐cultural similarity and divergence in the development of fairness preferences.     

Introduction: striving for objectivity in space

Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences - In this special issue, we put together papers that explore the theme “objectivity, space, and mind” from various angles. In the introduction...     

伊朗古代钱币的宗教内涵

伊朗的古代钱币作为伊朗历史文化的重要载体一直为国际学术界所关注,同时它也是收藏界的宠儿,但是国内对此知之甚少,本文就上海博物馆最近出版的馆藏丝绸之路古代国家钱币和其他伊朗钱币图录以及介绍为依据,阐述伊朗钱币上的宗教内容及其背后深层的内涵。