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271.
Individual differences in dopamine efflux in nucleus accumbens shell and core during instrumental learning 下载免费PDF全文
Combined activation of dopamine D1- and NMDA-glutamate receptors in the nucleus accumbens has been strongly implicated in instrumental learning, the process in which an individual learns that a specific action has a wanted outcome. To assess dopaminergic activity, we presented rats with two sessions (30 trials each) of a one-lever appetitive instrumental task and simultaneously measured dopamine efflux in the shell and core accumbens subareas using in vivo microdialysis. Dopamine efflux was increased during each session in all areas. The behavioral performance of the rats in the second session led us to divide them into a learning group (>90% correct trials) and a non-learning group. In the first session, the rats of the learning group showed significantly higher increases. The difference was most pronounced in the shell. In the second session, the dopamine increase was similar in both groups, although the learning groups now pressed the lever about three times more often and consequently obtained more rewards. We conclude that task-related activation of dopamine efflux is different between learning and non-learning rats only during the learning phase. These results support the pharmacological evidence that dopamine is of particular importance during the instrumental learning process. 相似文献
272.
Cheng C 《Journal of personality》2005,73(3):645-674
This research examined gender-role flexibility across a variety of stressful events, and tested two proposed hypotheses that explicate the processes underlying gender-role flexibility. The knowing-more hypothesis posits that androgynous individuals have a broad coping repertoire. The knowing-how hypothesis posits that androgynous individuals know how to cope according to changing situational characteristics. The coping responses of Chinese university students were assessed in both real-life (Study 1) and hypothetical (Study 2) stressful situations. Results revealed that androgynous participants, who were less depressed than others, were characterized by (a) cognitive astuteness in distinguishing among situational characteristics and (b) deployment of strategies that fit specific situational demands. Results supported the knowing-how hypothesis only. 相似文献
273.
This study adopted a pragmatic trial with randomization to investigate the relative effectiveness of web versus live training on special educators' competence and perceived skills in functional behavior assessments (FBA) and behavior interventions. Pragmatic trials seek to determine the effectiveness of an intervention in a real-world setting to ensure better application and generalizability in routine practice conditions. The live training group received an in-person workshop delivered in a lecture format via powerpoint slides. The web training group received asynchronous online instruction via a secure website. The same training content was delivered to both groups. Participants were randomly assigned across both instructional modalities and completed two pre- and post-test measures. Results indicated that participants (N = 104) in both groups showed a significant increase in theoretical competence of FBA and behavior interventions post training. Only participants in the live workshop group reported a significant increase in perceived skill scores. When comparing outcomes across groups, the live training group gained significantly more theoretical competence in FBA and behavior interventions than that in the web training group. These results shed light on the practical implications of online platforms for professional development among in-service teachers in behavior management for schools with children having disabilities and challenging behavior. 相似文献
274.
Cheng Xu Yanqi Sun Jiawei Wang He Yan Wanfang Xiong 《Journal of Consumer Behaviour》2023,22(4):1016-1024
The causal link between customer privacy concerns and organizational nature—specifically, entrepreneurial startups versus mature enterprises—remains unexplored. Using an online experiment, this study examines whether consumers' privacy concerns differ between these two types of organizations. Drawing on protection motivation theory, the study investigates whether customers' privacy concerns are stronger toward entrepreneurial startups than toward mature firms when both declare privacy protection. It further explores whether consumer participation in designing privacy protection mechanisms differently affects consumers' privacy concerns toward start-ups versus mature firms. The empirical results of an online experiment using a sample of 373 college students support the study hypotheses that (i) for unilateral privacy protection declarations, consumers' privacy concerns are higher toward entrepreneurial startups, and (ii) when consumers are invited to participate in designing privacy protection mechanisms, consumers' privacy concerns toward entrepreneurial startups significantly decrease. Our findings complement the literature on consumer privacy defensive behaviors by highlighting that consumer privacy concerns are associated with the organizational nature and privacy protection initiatives. 相似文献
275.
Ziyi Wang Cheng Chen Jian Mo Fan Lu Jiatao Ma Chuansheng Chen Guibing He 《European journal of social psychology》2023,53(1):230-244
Religious individuals often prefer future rewards more in intertemporal decision-making than nonreligious individuals, but the reasons behind this preference remain under-investigated. Focusing on decision-making in Buddhist culture, the current study aimed to examine three potential mechanisms: Buddhist practices, self-control and belief in future-oriented concepts. In five studies, we consistently found that nonbelievers’ preference ratings for Larger and Later (LL) options increased after visiting a temple (Study 1, n = 99) or participating in Buddha name chanting (Studies 2–5, n = 314). We also found in Studies 3 and 4 that this effect was mediated by the individual's level of self-control, but no evidence was found to support the mediation of belief in future-oriented concepts. These results contribute to the work attesting to the effect of religious practices on individuals (especially nonbelievers). They also provide a mechanism (self-control) for the positive correlation between individuals’ religiousness and preference for future rewards in intertemporal decision-making. 相似文献
276.
Albert Lee Cheryl Mei Yen Cheng Liang Ying Lee Gianluca Esposito Bobby Kyungbeom Cheon 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2023,17(11):e12854
Two studies examined the role of holistic thinking in meaning-making and gratitude during the COVID-19 pandemic. Correlational and mediational evidence showed that participants with high holistic thinking tended to construct more meaning from the pandemic and feel grateful, compared to participants with low holistic thinking (Study 1). Experimental manipulation of holistic thinking elicited behavioral choice for books on life meaning, which predicted gratitude (Study 2). These results cannot be explained by individual differences in the perception of threat (Study 1) or distress (Studies 1–2) associated with the pandemic. They cannot be explained by demographic factors such as age or gender, or cultural constructs such as ethnicity, educational level, or religiosity (Studies 1–2). These findings push understanding forward. They strengthen interdisciplinary links, fusing positive psychology with the social cognition of thinking styles. We discuss promising directions for future research with cross-cultural implications. 相似文献
277.
David Watkins Adebowale Akande James Fleming Maznah Ismail Kent Lefner Murari Regmi Sue Watson Jiayuan Yu John Adair Christopher Cheng Andres Gerong Dennis McInerney Elias Mpofu Sunita Singh-Sengupta Habtamu Wondimu 《International journal of psychology》1998,33(1):17-31
Ratings of the importance of and satisfaction with 20 areas of the self were obtained from 3604 first or second year social science undergraduates from 14 countries (15 cultures). Factor analysis at the culture by gender level supported four factors for both sets of ratings. The resulting factor scores were analyzed for mean differences according to the cultural dimension of Individualism-Collectivism by Gender and by correlations with other cultural dimenions and economic indicators. It was found that participants from the 10 collectivist cultures placed greater salience for their self-concepts on “family values” than did those from the individualist cultures. However, this cultural difference was not found for “social relationships”. The expected gender differences, with females valuing “family values” and “social relationships” more highly, were found only for the individualist countries. The findings indicate that there may be a strong cultural level interaction effect between gender and Individualism-Collectivism on the nature of self-conceptions, and that the “family” and “social” aspects of self-concept in collectivist countries need to be considered separately. 相似文献
278.
Tactile-kinesthetic perception of length 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
M F Cheng 《The American journal of psychology》1968,81(1):74-82
279.
应用对偶故事让5至11岁的64名被试进行道德判断,以此考察儿童的意向性认知的发展。实验发现5岁的被试已经可以使用一些意向性的特征,如:有意或无意;以及不同的动机等,去进行道德判断。而7岁,9岁和11岁的儿童可以依据更多的特征,如:主动和非主动去进行道德判断。这一发现被解释为儿童认知意向性特征时出现的认知网络的发展。 相似文献
280.
人格类型对应激反应影响的实验研究(自然应激源部分) 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5
本实验以艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)为依据,测定了高、低神经质。内、外倾被试考试时尿内儿茶酚胺的分泌量,并用考试焦虑调查表(TAI)对被试在考试中的紧张程度及主观体验进行评估。结果表明,高神经质组在紧张性刺激条件下尿内去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素和多巴胺的分泌量均显著高于低神经质组;平静状态下高神经质组的去甲肾上腺素分泌量高于低神经质组;内倾组在紧张性刺激条件下,多巴胺的增加高于外倾组。另外,高神经质组的TAI分数显著高于低神经质组,内倾组高于外倾组。 上述结果提示,由于人格差异的存在,对同样的紧张性刺激可产生不同的认知评价和主观体验,并引起尿内儿茶酚胺反应的差别,高神经质组的应激反应大于低神经质组,内倾组的应激反应大于外倾组,而以高神经质的应激反应尤为显著。 相似文献