学习困难与正常儿童智力结构的稳定性

本文调查学习困难与正常儿童WISC-CR 智商和智力结构的长时稳定性。被试先后参加两次WISC-CR 测试(间隔1.5—2年)。结果表明:学习困难儿童VIQ、PIQ 和FIQ 的重测相关均在0.71以上,高于正常儿童;重测时学习困难儿童有PIQ 升高和VIQ 降低趋势,正常儿童的VIQ 和PIQ 均有升高趋势,两组儿童智力结构的稳定性有明显差异,学习困难儿童不分心因子稳定性最差,正常儿童言语概括因子稳定性最差,其它三个因子相对稳定。这些结果提示学习困难与正常儿童的智商和智力结构具有较好跨时间稳定性。WISC-CR 对学习困难诊断、咨询和教育干预计划的制定有一定的参考价值。     

校长领导行为与校长类型

对3800名中小学教师和200名校长进行问卷施测,考察校长工作角色五个方面的相互关系,并在此基础上对校长领导行为进行聚类分析,得到四个类型。四种类型校长所在学校的组织气氛和学校效能感均有显著差异。     

A probabilistic contrast model of causal induction

Deviations from the predictions of covariational models of causal attribution have often been reported in the literature. These include a bias against using consensus information, a bias toward attributing effects to a person, and a tendency to make a variety of unpredicted conjunctive attributions. It is contended that these deviations, rather than representing irrational biases, could be due to (a) unspecified information over which causal inferences are computed and (b) the questionable normativeness of the models against which these deviations have been measured. A probabilistic extension of Kelley's analysis-of-variance analogy is proposed. An experiment was performed to assess the above biases and evaluate the proposed model against competing ones. The results indicate that the inference process is unbiased.     

成玄英"援佛入道"探

唐初重玄学者成玄英,借鉴佛学思想以发展道教理论,在道教发展过程中占有举足轻重的地位.其援佛入道主要表现在对佛教语言及佛教思维方式的吸收与转化上,也表现在其对重玄之道的论述与三论宗中道的相近上.但佛道立论根基并非一致,佛教的"缘起性空"与道家"道法自然"思维的差异,必然使成玄英思想充满张力.成玄英在探求人生意义的观照下包容了二者的分歧.     

Use of Memory-Load Interference in Processing Spoken Chinese Relative Clauses

The processing advantage of Subject-gapped relative clause (SRC) versus Object-gapped relative clause (ORC) has been advocated by competing processing accounts. Using a self-paced listening paradigm, this study investigates what Chinese RC online processing asymmetry looks like under concurrent memory load manipulation. Both On-line listening times and Post-online measures of Chinese SRCs and ORCs are estimated and compared. The on-line results show that ORCs and SRCs demonstrate no differential processing patterns under the interfering conditions. At the relativizer-DE marker region, under 0-digt-load, SRCs show processing advantage, while under 5-digit-load condition, SRCs display greater listening times than ORCs. Furthermore, the Post-online RTs and accuracy of post-sentence comprehension and digit recalls show that processing of SRCs had worse performance. These results lead to the conjecture that there may be no intrinsic processing asymmetry in Chinese RCs, and underscore the necessity that future studies in exploring the processing metrics of sentence complexity should consider the working memory involvement.     

重症医生培养新模式：交叉查房

重症患者病情复杂多变,临床医生面临诸多不确定性。不断改善临床思维模式,提高处理临床问题的判断力和决策力,是青年重症医生成长中亟待解决的问题。传统的查房模式在此方面作用有限。为此,探索了一种新的模式—交叉查房。交叉查房是对传统教学查房模式的拓展,由一线医生扮演上级医师的角色承担查房任务,上级医师扮演评价者的角色,对查房的整体过程和关键环节进行把关、纠错和补充,查房结束后通过量化指标对查房效果进行评估。交叉查房作为一种新的训练工具,能有效提高查房质量,是一种值得推广的教学查房模式。

     

Self‐Stigma,Mental Health Literacy,and Attitudes Toward Seeking Psychological Help

This study examined self‐stigma of seeking psychological help and mental health literacy as predictors of college students’ (N = 1,535) help‐seeking attitudes, with additional attention to psychological and demographic correlates. Results indicated that mental health literacy predicted help‐seeking attitudes above and beyond self‐stigma. Asian American race/ethnicity, male gender, current psychological distress, and help‐seeking history were also significant predictors. Implications for addressing mental health literacy and self‐stigma while attending to demographic and psychological variations in help seeking are discussed.     

Shame, internalized heterosexism, lesbian identity, and coming out to others: A comparative study of lesbians in mainland China and Hong Kong

The purpose of this study was to investigate coming out to family and friends and their relationships to shame, internalized heterosexism, lesbian identity, and perceived social support in Chinese lesbians from 2 different cultural settings-Mainland China (N = 244) and Hong Kong (N = 234). Results of structural equation modeling showed that, in both samples, a sense of shame was related to internalized heterosexism and a devaluation of one's lesbian identity, which in turn was related to a decreased likelihood of coming out to others. Shame was also associated with a reduced perception of support from friends, which seemed in turn to exacerbate internalized heterosexism among lesbians. Family support was generally unrelated to outness, except for outness to friends in the Hong Kong sample. Results are discussed in relation to the cultural stigma attached to same-sex orientation and the cultural practice of shaming that parents use to socialize children.     

儿童归纳推理中的标签作用

传统的归纳推理观主要包括特征相似性观和概念观。在基于这两种传统观点的研究过程中,研究者逐渐发现类别知识,特别是标签起到的独特作用,但目前关于不同类型标签作用的分析还缺乏系统性。该文从分析目前两大主要标签研究现状——语言标签和类别标签入手,试图明确标签作用和关系、解释混淆和误解;同时,作者就以标签为载体的研究同儿童语言发展间存在的密切联系提出了儿童归纳推理发展的语言认知模式。文章最后认为未来的研究方向应集中在对机制、技术和深层次内部关系三方面问题的探讨上。