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251.
This study investigated how novices re-organized motor system degrees of freedom when practicing a multi-articular discrete kicking task. Four male participants practiced a soccer chipping task to seven different target positions over 12 sessions for 4 weeks. Data from each participant indicated changes in degrees of freedom involvement as a function of practice. Further, each participant showed a different progression of change in levels of joint involvement for hip, knee and ankle in the kicking limb. Cross-correlations between joints in the kicking limb also showed different pathways of coupling and de-coupling with practice. Performance outcome scores improved and variability of intra-limb coordination decreased as a consequence of practice for all participants. Angle-angle plots also showed qualitative changes in intra-limb coordination between early and late practice sessions. Evidence suggested that foot velocity at ball contact was functionally manipulated by participants when kicking to target positions with varying height and distance constraints. Referencing data to a model of learning [Newell, K. M. (1985). Coordination, control and skill. In: Goodman, D., Franks, I., & Wilberg, R.B. (Eds.), Differing perspectives in motor learning, memory, and control. Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp. 295-317] determined that progression through different stages of learning may not be sequential and could alternate between learning stages. The present study highlighted individual differences in acquisition of coordination and control of joint motion even under similar task constraints, showing how degeneracy in movement systems facilitates learning. 相似文献
252.
研究者以239名10岁、11岁和12岁的儿童为实验对象,采用四种作业时间(2分钟、4分钟、6分钟和8分钟)和两种指导语导向(无导向、导向独特性)为实验条件,考察了这些条件对儿童发散性思维的影响.结果发现,作业时间和指导语导向对儿童发散性思维的流畅性,变通性和独特性均有明显的影响.在该实验条件下,发散性思维的三个指标随作业时间的增加而增加.有导向组儿童的发散性思维作业成绩显著高于无导向组.另外,在各实验条件下,儿童的作业成绩都有随着年龄的增长而上升的趋势. 相似文献
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Peter C.‐H. Cheng 《Cognitive Science》2002,26(6):685-736
Six characteristics of effective representational systems for conceptual learning in complex domains have been identified. Such representations should: (1) integrate levels of abstraction; (2) combine globally homogeneous with locally heterogeneous representation of concepts; (3) integrate alternative perspectives of the domain; (4) support malleable manipulation of expressions; (5) possess compact procedures; and (6) have uniform procedures. The characteristics were discovered by analysing and evaluating a novel diagrammatic representation that has been invented to support students' comprehension of electricity—AVOW diagrams (Amps, Volts, Ohms, Watts). A task analysis is presented that demonstrates that problem solving using a conventional algebraic approach demands more effort than AVOW diagrams. In an experiment comparing two groups of learners using the alternative approaches, the group using AVOW diagrams learned more than the group using equations and were better able to solve complex transfer problems and questions involving multiple constraints. Analysis of verbal protocols and work scratchings showed that the AVOW diagram group, in contrast to the equations group, acquired a coherently organised network of concepts, learnt effective problem solving procedures, and experienced more positive learning events. The six principles of effective representations were proposed on the basis of these findings. AVOW diagrams are Law Encoding Diagrams, a general class of representations that have been shown to support learning in other scientific domains. 相似文献
257.
This paper explores why respondents to a telephone public-opinion survey often give reasons for answering as they do, even though reason-giving is neither required nor encouraged and it is difficult to see the reasons as attempts to deal with disagreement. We find that respondents give reasons for the policy claims they make in their answers three times as frequently as they give reasons for value or factual claims, that their reasons tend to involve appeals to personal experience, and that they often talk about their thought processes, especially when the evidentiary stakes are high. We then explore several ways of explaining these findings. We suggest that one useful approach is to see the reason-giving in the survey interviews as deliberative, reflexive argumentation of the sort described as `critical thinking. We further suggest that the reason such argumentation is often conducted out loud in the interviews, rather than internally, is that it functions in the service of rhetorical ethos, in particular the need to display the fact that one is human, with human autonomy and agency. Doing this may be particularly important in contexts such as anonymous survey interviews in which people are at risk of being treated like machines. 相似文献
258.
理性实为人类思想之根本。近代理性哲学,主要是在认识论的层面探讨精神何以可能的问题。理性是一种行动指南,更是一种批判的能力。理性的定位既是人类的自我重新定位,又是思想复兴的表征和开端。 相似文献
259.
Working adults from Hong Kong (HK; N=102) and the Pearl River Delta (PRD; N=96) participated in a Chinese‐language, 20‐item, structured interview. The interview addressed five topics: performance criteria, implementation of the appraisal, factors attributed to performance, methods of feedback, and concerns about the use of performance appraisal (PA) at work. Results indicated that most respondents believe that PA facilitates communication between superiors and subordinates, that effective performance is a function of each individual's internal attributes (which may include aspects external to the workplace), and that feedback should be direct and frank, communicated by someone with authority and power. These results are consistent with the beliefs of people living in societies characterized as high in Confucian dynamism. We discussed implications of the findings for the use of PA in Chinese enterprises in HK and PRD. 相似文献
260.
Shih-Chieh Chuang Chia-Ching Tsai Yin-Hui Cheng Ya-Chung Sun 《Journal of business and psychology》2009,24(4):485-491